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LIBRARY 

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ALBANY,  N.  Y. 

Added  by  ITA^.  .Pi^aM^ 


188 


7 


LIBRARY  RULES. 

The  Librarian  shall  appoint  hours  when  the  Li- 
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Any  person  violating  these  rules  shall  be  report- 
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THE  WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


AMERICAN  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

JESUP  COLLECTION. 


THE 

WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OF 

THEIR  STRUCTURE,  QUALITIES,  AND  USES. 

WITH 

©eocjrapfjtcal  ano  otjer  RTotes  upon  tfje  Hlxm 
foJjkJj  produce  tfjem. 


By  C.  S.  SARGENT. 


NEW  YORK: 
D.   APPLETON  AND  COMPANY, 
1,  3,  and  5  Bond  Street. 

1885. 


Copyright,  1885, 
By  C.  S.  Sargent. 


©nf&ersttg  Press : 
John  Wilson  and  Son,  Cambridge. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  is  indebted  to  its 
enlightened  and  public-spirited  President,  Mr.  Morris  K.  Jesup, 
for  a  magnificent  collection  of  woods,  which  display,  for  the  first 
time  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  the  forest  wealth  of  the  United  States. 
The  conception  of  this  collection  belongs  to  Mr.  Jesup.  The  forests 
of  the  United  States  are  not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  other  coun- 
try in  the  variety  and  value  of  the  timbers  which  they  produce. 
Many  of  these  are  little  known  or  appreciated  commercially ;  and  it 
was  the  belief  of  the  founder  of  this  collection  that  the  opportunity 
it  would  afford  to  engineers,  architects,  and  mechanics  to  examine 
specimens  of  the  material  produced  by  the  forests  of  the  whole 
country  would  be  of  great  and  immediate  practical  utility  to  the 
community,  and  that  the  presence  of  such  a  collection  in  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  would  facilitate  the  scientific  and  in- 
dustrial study  of  the  Sylva  of  this  country,  and  develop  a  popular 
interest  in  forests  and  forest  science. 

Mr.  Jesup's  collection  is  the  outgrowth  of  an  investigation  of 
the  forest  wealth  of  this  country  commenced  by  me  more  than  five 
years  ago.  The  results  of  that  investigation  have  been  published 
in  Vol.  IX.  of  the  final  Eeports  of  the  Tenth  Census,  which  this 
collection  will  serve  to  illustrate. 

The  trees  of  the  United  States  are  represented  in  the  Museum  by 
large  and  characteristic  trunk  specimens,  arranged  in  the  sequence 
of  their  botanical  relationship.  These  specimens  are  cut  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  display  the  bark,  and  cross  and  longitudinal  sections 
of  the  wood,  both  polished  and  in  its  natural  condition.  They 
are  supplemented,  in  the  case  of  trees  of  commercial  importance, 


vi 


INTRODUCTION. 


by  carefully  selected  planks,  or  burls,  which  often  show  better  than 
logs  the  true  industrial  value  of  the  wood. 

Specimens  of  a  few  of  the  arborescent  species  of  the  United  States 
have  not  yet  been  secured,  and  others  are  still  in  preparation. 
These  will  be  added  to  the  collection  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

A  series  of  life-size  water-colors  of  the  foliage,  flowers,  and  fruit 
of  each  tree  represented  in  the  collection  by  a  wood  specimen  is  in 
course  of  preparation.  They  will  be  displayed  with  the  collection 
as  fast  as  completed.  An  herbarium  of  the  trees  of  the  United 
States,  arranged  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Faxon  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  will 
afford  special  students  of  dendrology  an  opportunity  of  critically 
studying  the  collection. 

The  following  catalogue  of  the  trees  of  this  country  will  serve 
as  a  guide  to  the  collection  ;  it  is  condensed  from  Vol.  IX.  of  the 
Reports  of  the  Tenth  Census,  from  which  are  derived  the  tables 
relating  to  the  physical  properties  of  the  woods  of  the  United 
States.  These  tables  have  been  prepared  for  this  publication  by 
Mr.  S.  P.  Sharples,  of  Cambridge. 

C.  S.  SARGENT. 


Arnold  Arboretum,  Brookline,  Mass., 
May,  1885. 


CONTENTS. 


PAG  3 

Introduction   v 

Catalogue  of  the  Forest  Trees  of  North  America  (exclu- 
sive of  Mexico)   1 

The  Physical  Properties  of  the  Woods  of  the  United  States  141 

TABLE  I. 

Specific  Gravity,  Percentage  of  Ash,  Relative  Approximate  Fuel  Value, 
Coefficient  of  Elasticity,  Modulus  of  Rupture,  Resistance  to 
Pressure,  and  Weight  per  Cubic  Foot  of  the  Woods  of  the  United 
States  144 

TABLE  II. 

The  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Specific 

Gravity  of  their  Dry  Woods    .  153 

TABLE  III. 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the 

Relative  Approximate  Fuel  Value  of  their  Dry  Woods  ....  158 

TABLE  IV. 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of 
the  Elasticity  of  their  Woods  (Coefficient  of  Elasticity,  —  Kilogram, 
Centimetre)  163 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


TABLE  V. 

PAGE 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of 
the  Strength  of  their  Woods  (Modulus  of  Rupture,  —  Kilogram, 
Centimetre)  166 

TABLE  VI. 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of 

the  Power  of  their  Woods  to  resist  Longitudinal  Compression    .  169 

TABLE  VII. 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of 
the  Power  of  their  Woods  to  resist  Indentation  to  the  Depth  of 
1.27  Millimetres  173 


CATALOGUE  OF  FOREST  TREES. 


MAG-NOLIACEJE. 

1.  Magnolia  grandinora,  L. 

Big  Laurel.    Bull  Bay. 

Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  south,  near  the  coast,  to  Mosquito 
Inlet  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida ;  along  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  States  to 
southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas, 
extending  north  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  latitude  32°  30'. 

A  magnificent  evergreen  tree,  18  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.60  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
"  bluff  "  formations  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River  from 
Vicksburg  to  Natchez,  and  in  western  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked, 
satiny ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color  creamy  white  or 
often  light  brown,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  little  used  except 
as  fuel ;  suitable  for  interior  finish,  fine  cabinet  work,  etc. 

2.  Magnolia  glauca,  L. 

Sweet  Bay.     White  Bay.    Beaver  Tree.     White  Laurel.  Swamp 
Laurel. 

Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts;  New  Jersey,  southward,  generally  near 
the  coast,  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida ;  westward  through 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  south  of  latitude  35°,  and  the  Gulf 
States  to  southwestern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  metres 
in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ; 
swamps  or  low  wet  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  rich 
hummocks  of  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula,  and  along  the  low 
sandy  banks  of  pine-barren  streams  in  the  Gulf  States. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
very  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 

1 


2 


MAGNOLIACEiE. 


Magnolia. 


nearly  white  ;  in  the  Gulf  States  sometimes  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
small  wooden-ware. 

The  dried  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  of  this  species  and  of  M.  acumi- 
nata and  M.  Umbrella  are  included  in  the  American  Materia  Medica, 
furnishing  an  aromatic  tonic  and  stimulant  used  in  intermittent  and  remit- 
tent fevers. 

3.  Magnolia  acuminata,  L. 

Cucumber  Tree.    Mountain  Magnolia. 

Western  New  York  to  southern  Illinois  ;  southward  along  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  scattered  through  eastern  and  middle  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  usually  on  Carboniferous  deposits,  to  southern  Alabama 
and  northeastern  Mississippi;  and  in  northeastern,  southern,  and  south- 
western Arkansas. 

A  large  tree,  20  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  durable,  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter, 
often  nearly  white ;  used  for  pump-logs,  water-troughs,  flooring,  cabinet- 
making,  etc. 

4.  Magnolia  cordata,  Michx. 

Cucumber  Tree. 

Southern  Alleghany  Mountain  region,  —  Georgia  to  Winston  County, 
Alabama. 

A  tree  22  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre 
in  diameter  ;  low  rich  woods  ;  very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
very  numerous,  thin;  color  light  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap- 
wood  light  yellow. 

5.  Magnolia  macrophylla,  Michx. 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

Western  North  Carolina  to  southeastern  Kentucky,  southward  to 
middle  and  western  Florida  and  southern  Alabama,  extending  west  to  the 
valley  of  Pearl  River,  Louisiana;  and  in  central  Arkansas. 

A  tree  6  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  limestone 
valleys  of  northern  Alabama ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 


Liriodendron. 


MAGNOLIACEiE. 


3 


6.  Magnolia  Umbrella,  Lam. 

Umbrella  Tree.  Elk-wood. 

Southeastern  Pennsylvania,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  central  Alabama,  westward  through  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  north- 
eastern Mississippi ;  and  in  central  and  southwestern  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10 
to  0.40  metre  in  diameter;  rich,  shady  hillsides;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays 
very  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

7.  Magnolia  Fraseri,  Walt. 

Long-leaved  Cucumber  Tree. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Virginia  southward  to  western  Florida 
and  southern  Alabama,  extending  west  to  the  valley  of  Pearl  River, 
Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter ;  rich  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
very,  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

8.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  L. 

Tulip  Tree.     Yellow  Poplar.  White-wood. 

Southwestern  Vermont,  through  western  New  England,  southward  to 
northern  Florida ;  west  through  New  York,  Ontario,  and  Michigan  to 
Lake  Michigan,  south  of  latitude  43°  30';  and  south  to  latitude  31°  in 
the  Gulf  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River ;  extending  west  to  south- 
eastern Missouri  and  northeastern  Arkansas. 

A  large  and  valuable  tree,  30  to  60  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
2  to  4  metres  in  diameter ;  rich  woods  and  intervale  lands,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River  and  along 
the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close  straight-grained,  com- 
pact, easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  not  prominent ;  color 
light  yellow  or  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  manufac- 
tured into  lumber,  and  used  for  construction,  interior  finish,  shingles,  in 
boat-building,  and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  pumps,  wooden- 
ware,  etc. ;  varieties  varying  in  color  and  grain  are  recognized. 

Liriodendrin,  sl  stimulant  tonic,  with  diaphoretic  properties,  is  obtained 
by  macerating  the  inner  bark,  especially  of  the  root. 


4 


ANONACEiE.  —  CAPPARIDACE.E. 


Asimina. 


ANONACEiE. 

9.  Asimina  triloba,  Dunal. 

Papaw.     Custard  Apple. 

Western  New  York,  Ontario,  eastern  and  central  Pennsylvania  to 
southern  Michigan,  southern  Iowa,  and  eastern  Kansas;  south  to  mid- 
dle Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.30  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  slender  shrub  ; 
rich,  rather  low  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  lower 
Wabash  valley  and  in  the  valley  of  the  White  River,  Arkansas. 

Wood  very  light,  very  soft  and  weak,  coarse-grained,  spongy,  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  color 
light  yellow  shaded  with  green,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  the  large  fruit 
sweet  and  edible. 

10.  Anona  laurifolia,  Dunal. 

Pond  Apple. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Malabar  to  Bay  Biscayne,  west  coast, 
Pease  Creek  to  the  Caloosa  River ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  metre 
in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  and  on  the  west  coast  often 
reduced  to  a  stout,  wide-spreading  shrub ;  common,  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development,  within  the  United  States,  on  the  low  islands  and 
shores  of  the  Everglades  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  containing 
many  scattered  open  ducts  ;  color  light  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the 
sap-wood  lighter. 

The  large  fruit  scarcely  edible. 

CAPPARIDACEJE. 

1 1 .  Capparis  Jamaicensis,  Jacq. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys ;  in 
the  West  Indies  and  southward  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development,  within  the  United  States,  on  Upper  Metacombe  and 
Umbrella  Keys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  many 
evenly  distributed  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  yellow  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 


Gordonia.        CANELLACEiE.  —  TERNSTRCEMIACEiE. 


5 


CANELLACEJE. 

12.  Canella  alba,  Murr. 

White-wood.     Cinnamon  Bark.     Wild  Cinnamon. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  often  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.22  metre  h; 
diameter;  not  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood 
light  brown  or  yellow. 

The  pale  inner  bark  furnishes  an  aromatic  stimulant  and  tonic,  occa- 
sionally employed  in  cases  of  debility  of  the  digestive  organs. 

G-UTTIFER^E. 

13.  Clusia  flava,  L. 

West  Indies;  Key  West  prior  to  1840.  Not  rediscovered  by  the 
later  explorers  of  the  botany  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  and  probably  not 
now  growing  spontaneously  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

Wood  not  examined. 

TERNSTRCEMIACEJE. 

14.  Gordonia  Lasianthus,  L. 

Loblolly  Bay.     Tan  Bay. 

Southern  Virginia,  south,  near  the  coast,  to  Cape  Malabar,  and  Cape 
Romano,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

A  tree  15  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.45  to  0.50 
metre  in  diameter ;  low,  sandy  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  not  durable ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ; 
specific  gravity,  0.4728;  ash,  0.76;  somewhat  employed  in  cabinet- 
making. 

15.  G-ordonia  pubescens,  L'Her. 

Franklinia. 

Near  Fort  Barrington,  on  the  Altamaha  River,  Georgia. 
A  small  tree,  not  rediscovered  during  the  present  century,  and  now 
only  known  through  cultivated  specimens. 
Wood  not  examined. 


6 


STERC  ULI  ACE  iE.  —  TILIACE.E. 


Fremontia. 


STERCULIACE^E. 

16.  Fremontia  Californica,  Torr. 

Slippery  Elm. 

California,  —  valley  of  Pitt  River,  southward  along  the  western  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  the  Santa  Lucia 
to  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains  ;  rare  at  the  north,  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  southern  Sierras  and  the  San 
Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Ranges. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  the  short  trunk  often  0.30  to 
0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  much  branched  shrub ;  dry, 
gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing 
many  groups  of  small  ducts  parallel  to  the  thin,  conspicuous  medullary 
rays ;  layers  of  annual  growth  obscure ;  color  dark  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  used  locally  in  poultices. 

TILIACEJE. 

17.  Tilia  Americana,  L. 

Lime  Tree.     Basswood.     American  Linden.    Lin.    Bee  Tree. 

Northern  New  Brunswick,  westward  in  British  America  to  about  the 
one  hundred  and  second  meridian,  southward  to  Virginia  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia  and  southern  Alabama  ;  extending  west, 
in  the  United  States,  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas, 
the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  20  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.92  to  1.84  metres  in  diameter;  common  in  all  northern  forests 
on  rich  soil ;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits  only  on  bottom- 
lands. A  variety  (T.  Americana,  var.  pubescens,  Loud)  with  thinner 
leaves  softly  pubescent  beneath  occasionally  occurs  in  swamps  and  low 
ground  from  North  Carolina  to  western  Florida,  generally  near  the 
coast. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily 
worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  or 
often  slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  largely 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden-ware  and  cheap  furniture,  for  the 
panels  and  bodies  of  carriages,  the  inner  soles  of  shoes,  in  turnery,  and 
the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp. 

The  inner  bark,  macerated,  is  sometimes  manufactured  into  coarse  cord- 
age and  matting ;  the  flowers,  rich  in  honey,  are  highly  prized  by  apiarists. 


Guaiacum.       MALPIGHIACEiE.  —  ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 


7 


18.  Tilia  heterophylla,  Vent. 
White  Basswood.  Wahoo. 

Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsylvania,  southward  to  northern  Ala- 
bama and  Florida;  west  to  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Indiana,  and  southern  and  central  Illinois. 

A  tree  15  to  20  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods  and  bottom-lands ;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
Mountains  and  in  middle  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
hardly  distinguishable ;  generally  confounded  with  that  of  Tilia  Americana, 
from  which  it  scarcely  differs. 

The  young  branches  are  often  fed  to  cattle  in  winter  by  farmers  in  the 
southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 

MALPIG-HIACE^E. 

19.  Byrsonima  lncida,  HBK. 

Tallow  Berry.  Glamberry. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.25  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  shrubby  and  branching  from  the  ground. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 

Fruit  edible. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEJE. 

20.  Guaiacum  sanctum,  L. 

Lignumvitce . 

Keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  not  rare  ;  in  the  Bahamas,  St.  Domingo, 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  etc. 

A  low,  gnarled  tree,  not  exceeding,  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  metre  in  di- 
ameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  com- 
pact, difficult  to  work,  splitting  irregularly,  containing  many  evenly  dis- 
tributed resinous  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  rich 
yellow-brown,  varying  in  older  specimens  to  almost  black,  the  sap-wood 
light  yellow ;  used  in  turnery  and  for  the  sheaves  of  ships'  blocks,  for 
which  it  is  preferred  to  other  woods. 

Lignum  Guaiaci,  Guaiacum-wood,  the  heart  of  this  and  the  allied 
G.  officinale,  formerly  largely  used  in  the  treatment  of  syphilis,  is  now 


8 


RUTACEiE. 


Porliera. 


only  retained  in  the  Materia  Medica  as  an  ingredient  in  the  compound 
decoction  of  sarsaparilla. 

Guaiac,  the  resinous  gum  obtained  from  these  species,  is  a  stimulating 
diaphoretic  and  alterative,  or  in  large  doses  cathartic,  and  is  employed  in 
cases  of  chronic  rheumatism,  gout,  etc. 

21.  Porliera  angustifolia,  Gray. 

Western  Texas,  —  valley  of  the  Colorado  River  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
extending  west  to  the  Rio  Pecos  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern,  northern,  and  western  limits  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub ;  reaching  its  greatest  development,  in  the  United  States, 
on  the  hills  bordering  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  very  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  the  open 
ducts  smaller  and  less  regularly  distributed  than  in  Guaiacum  ;  medullary 
rays  very  thin,  numerous  ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  turning  green  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  bright  }^ellow ;  probably  possessing  medicinal 
properties  similar  to  those  of  lignumvitae. 

RTJTACE^. 

22.  Xanthoxylum  Americanum,  Mill. 

Prickly  Ash.     Toothache  Tree. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  west  to  northern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska, 
and  eastern  Kansas ;  south  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  northern 
Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  not  often  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter,  or,  reduced  to  a  shrub,  1.50  to  1.80  metres  in  height ; 
common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  of  the  great 
lakes ;  rocky  hillsides,  or  more  often  along  streams  and  rich  bottom-lands. 

Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  bark  of  Xanthoxylum,  an  active  stimulant,  is  used  in  decoction  to 
produce  diaphoresis  in  cases  of  rheumatism,  syphilis,  etc.,  and  as  a  popular 
remedy  for  toothache. 

23.  Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  L. 

Toothache  Tree.     Prickly  Ash.     Sea  Ash.    Pepper-wood.  Wild 
Orange. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Bay  Biscayne  and 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  westward  through  the  Gulf  States  to  northwestern 
Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  12  to  14  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  metre 
in  diameter ;  usually  along  streams  and  low,  rich  bottom-lands,  reaching 


Plelea. 


RUTACE.E. 


9 


its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  eastern 
Texas.  A  shrubby,  or  on  the  coast  arborescent,  form  of  western  Texas, 
with  shorter  ovate  leaves,  is  var.  fruticosum,  Gray. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  soft,  coarse-grained,  not  durable,  con- 
taining many  scattered  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

24.  Xanthoxylum  Caribaeum,  Lam. 

Satin-wood. 

Keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40  metre 
in  diameter  ;  not  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  fine-grained, 
compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

25.  Xanthoxylum  Pterota,  HBK. 

Wild  Lime. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on 
the  west  coast  from  about  latitude  29°  to  Cape  Sable  ;  southwestern 
Texas  ;  and  southward  through  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  ex- 
ceeding 0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  slender  shrub.  In 
Florida  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  keys  of  the 
west  coast ;  in  Texas  not  common,  but  widely  distributed  as  a  small  shrub, 
or,  on  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  west  of  the  Nueces  River,  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  a  low  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  thin,  nu- 
merous ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow. 

26.  Ptelea  trifoliata,  L. 

Hop  Tree.    Shrubby  Trefoil.     Wafer  Ash. 

Banks  of  the  Niagara  River,  and  Pennsylvania  southward  to  northern 
Florida,  west  to  Minnesota  and  the  Indian  Territory  ;  through  western 
Texas  to  New  Mexico  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  4  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced  to  a  slender  shrub ;  shady, 
rocky  hillsides. 

A  variety  with  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves,  not  rare  on  the  south 
Atlantic  coast,  and  the  common  form  of  western  Texas,  is  var.  mollis, 
Torr.  &  Gray. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  two  or  three  rows  of  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  few,  thin  ;  color  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable. 


10 


SIMARUBEiE.  —  BURSERACE^E. 


Canotia. 


The  bark  of  the  root  possesses  tonic  properties,  and  is  employed  by 
herbalists  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and  fluid  extracts  in  the  treatment  of 
dyspepsia,  debility,  etc. ;  the  bitter  fruit  is  occasionally  used  domestically 
as  a  substitute  for  hops. 

27.  Canotia  holacantha,  Torr. 

Arizona,  —  White  Mountain  region,  valley  of  the  Gila  River,  valley  of 
Bill  Williams  Fork. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  large  shrub ;  dry,  rocky  hillsides. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny  ;  medullary  rays 
thin,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter 
brown. 

SIMARUBE^E. 

28.  Simaraba  glauca,  DC. 

Paradise  Tree. 

Semi-tropical  Florida, —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  ;  through 
the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  metre  in 
diameter  ;  within  the  United  States  not  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  containing  many  large 
scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  few,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  a  little  darker. 

The  bark  of  this  species  is  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  that  of 
S.  officinalis,  DC,  as  an  aromatic,  bitter  tonic. 

BURSERACEJE. 

29.  Bursera  gummifera,  Jacq. 

Gum  Elemi.     Gumbo  Limbo.     West  Indian  Birch. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast  Caloosa  River  to  Caximbas  Bay ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.70  metre  in 
diameter  ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  southern  Florida, 
of  very  rapid  growth  and  decay. 

Wood  very  light,  exceedingly  soft  and  weak,  spongy,  containing  many 
scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown 
or  gray,  quickly  discoloring  with  decay. 

The  aromatic  resin  obtained  from  this  species  was  formerly  somewhat 
used  in  various  forms,  under  the  name  of  Caranna,  as  a  remedy  for  gout ; 
and  in  the  West  Indies  is  manufactured  into  a  valuable  varnish. 


Ximenia. 


MELIACEiE.  —  OLACINE^. 


11 


30.  Amyris  sylvatica,  Jacq. 
Torch-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25 
metre  in  diameter  ;  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  com- 
pact, resinous,  exceedingly  durable,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish; 
medullary  rays  obscure  ;  color  light  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

MELIACE^E. 

31.  Swietenia  Mahogoni,  L. 

Mahogany.  Madeira. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  rare  ;  in  the  West  Indies  and 
Central  America. 

A  large  tree,  on  the  Florida  keys  rarely  exceeding  15  metres  in 
height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained, 
compact,  very  durable,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, obscure  ;  color  rich  reddish-brown,  turning  darker  with  age,  the 
thin  sap-wood  yellow ;  varying  greatly  in  quality  in  different  regions  ; 
largely  used  and  preferred  to  all  other  woods  for  cabinet-making  of  all 
sorts,  interior  finish,  etc.  ;  formerly  somewhat  employed  in  ship-building. 

OLACINE^E. 

32.  Ximenia  Americana,  L. 

Wild  Lime.    Tallow  Nut.    Hog  Plum.    Mountain  Plum. 

Florida,  —  east  coast  Saint  John's  River  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast  Caloosa  River  to  Caximbas  Bay ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil, 
and  on  the  coast  of  the  Indian  Peninsula  (introduced  ?). 

A  small,  low,  wide-spreading  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  pine-barren  soil  and  toward  its 
northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  common  and  reaching  its  great- 
est development,  in  Florida  on  the  west  coast. 

Wood  very  heavy,  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing 
numerous  regularly  distributed  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  few,  thin ; 
color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

Hydrocyanic  acid  can  be  obtained  from  the  edible  plum-shaped  fruit. 


12 


ILICINEJE. 


Ilex. 


ILICINE^E. 

33.  Ilex  opaca,  Ait. 

American  Holly. 

Quincy,  Massachusetts,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  Mosquito  Inlet 
and  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of 
the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  extending  northward  through  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  to  Southern  Indiana. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30 
to  1.20  metres  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a 
shrub ;  generally  in  low,  rather  moist  soil  ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  southern  Arkansas 
and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  very 
compact,  easily  worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuous  ;  color 
nearly  white,  turning  to  light  brown  with  exposure,  the  sap-wood  still 
lighter  ;  used  and  admirably  adapted  for  cabinet  work,  interior  finish,  and 
turnery. 

A  bitter  principle  (Iliciri),  common  to  other  species  of  the  genus,  has 
been  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  this  tree. 

34.  Ilex  Dahoon,  Walt. 
Dahoon.    Dahoon  Holly. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  prairie  region 
of  western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  from  0.20  to 
0.30  metre  in  diameter  ;  low,  wet  soil,  or  often  in  cypress  swamps  and 
ponds;  not  common,  and  running  into  numerous  forms, — var.  angusti- 
folia,  Torr.  &  Gray  ;  var.  myrtifolia,  Chapm. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

35.  Ilex  Cassine,  Walt. 
Cassena.     Yaupon.  Yopon. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  Saint  John's  River 
and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  southern  Arkan- 
sas, and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub,  sending  up  many  slender  stems  and 
forming  dense  thickets  ;  sandy,  moist  soil,  along  ponds  and  streams  ;  reach- 
ing its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas. 


Cliftonia.  CYRILLACEiE.  13 

» 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  nearly  white,  becoming  yellow  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  leaves  possess  powerful  emetic  properties. 

36.  Ilex  decidua,  Walt. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward,  through  the  middle  districts,  to  western 
Florida ;  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River, 
Texas,  and  northward  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  southern  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  States  a  tall,  straggling  shrub  ;  low,  wet 
woods  along  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Iron  Moun- 
tain region  of  Missouri,  and  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin;  color  creamy-white,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

CYRILLACEJE. 

37.  Cyrilla  racemiflora,  L. 

Iron-wood. 

North  Carolina,  southward,  near  the  coast,  to  middle  Florida,  and  west, 
along  the  Gulf  coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from 
the  root ;  open  swamps,  low  thickets,  or  pine-barren  pond-holes. 

Wood  heavy,  weak,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  thin, 
not  conspicuous ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little 
lighter. 

38.  Cliftonia  ligustrina,  Banks. 
Titi.    Iron-wood.    Buckwheat  Tree. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  Georgia,  south  to  middle  Florida,  and 
west,  along  the  Gulf  coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.40 
metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  limits  in  Florida  reduced  to  a 
shrub ;  margins  of  pine-barren  ponds  and  streams. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ; 
largely  used  as  fuel,  burning  with  a  clear  flame. 


14 


CELASTRACEiE.  —  RHAMNACEiE. 


Euonymus. 


CELASTRACE^E. 

39.  Euonymus  atropurpnreus,  Jacq. 

Burning  Bush.     Wahoo.    Spindle  Tree.  Arrow-wood. 
Western  New  York,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Missouri  River,  Mon- 
tana, southward  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern 
Kansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub  2  to  3  metres  in  height ;  low,  rich 
woods,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Wood  heavy,  very  close-grained,  liable  to  check  badly  in  seasoning ; 
medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  white  tinged  with  orange. 

Wahoo  bark,  a  mild  but  uncertain  purgative,  is  used  by  herbalists  in 
the  form  of  decoctions,  tinctures,  fluid  extracts,  etc. 

40.  Myginda  pallens,  Smith. 

Upper  Metacombe  Key,  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15 
metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  layers 
of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable  ; 
color  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter  brown  tinged 
with  red. 

41.  Sense fFeria  fmtescens,  Jacq. 

Yellow  wood.  Box-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  southern  keys  from  Metacombe  Key  east- 
ward, Caloosa  River,  and  sparingly  on  the  Reef  Keys ;  in  the  West 
Indies. 

A  small  tree,  occasionally  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  bright  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
a  little  lighter. 

RHAMNACEjE. 

42.  Reynosia  latifolia,  Griseb. 

Red  Iron-wood.    Darling  Plum. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  southern  keys  to  Bay  Biscayne ;  in  the  West 
Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter. 


Rhamnus. 


RHAMNACE2E. 


15 


Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  med- 
ullary rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light 
brown. 

The  fruit  edible  and  of  agreeable  flavor. 

43.  Condalia  ferrea,  Griseb. 
Black  Iron-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  Bay  Biscayne,  and  on  the 
southern  keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  11  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.38 
metre  in  diameter,  generally  hollow  and  defective ;  common. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  com- 
pact, difficult  to  work  ;  remarkable  for  the  large  percentage  of  ash ;  med- 
ullary rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  orange-brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

44.  Condalia  obovata,  Hook. 

Blue-wood.    Logwood.    Purple  Haw. 

Eastern  and  southwestern  Texas,  westward  through  southern  New 
Mexico  to  southern  Arizona ;  probably  extending  into  northern  M  exico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often  a  low,  much  branched  shrub ;  reaching  its  greatest 
development  along  the  streams  of  eastern  Texas ;  one  of  the  common 
"  chaparral "  plants  of  western  Texas,  here  forming  dense,  impenetrable 
thickets. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  seasoning, 
containing  many  groups  of  large  irregularly  arranged  open  ducts ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

45.  Rhamnus  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Indian  Cherry. 

Long  Island,  New  York,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River  to 
southern  Illinois,  Missouri  south  of  the  Meramec  River,  eastern  Kansas, 
and  the  Indian  Territory,  south  to  northern  Florida,  and  through  the 
Gulf  States  to  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30  metre 
in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  States  generally  a  tall  shrub  ;  rich  woods 
along  streams  and  bottom-lands ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 


16 


RHAMNACEiE. 


Rhamnus. 


46.  Rhamims  Californica,  Eschsch. 

California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  from  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Sacramento  River  southward  to  Santa  Barbara  and  Fort  Tejon. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.37 
metre  in  diameter,  or  commonly  a  shrub,  along  the  sea-coast  and  at  high 
elevations,  often  prostrate;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains.  A  low  shrubby  form,  densely 
white-tomentose,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  of  southern 
California,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico,  is  var.  tomentella,  Brewer  &  Watson. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
narrow,  obscure  ;  color  brown  or  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

47.  Rhamnus  Purshiana,  DC. 

Bearberry.    Bear-wood.  Shittim-wood. 

Puget  Sound,  east  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington 
to  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  Idaho,  and  the  shores  of  Flathead  Lake, 
Montana ;  southward  through  western  Washington,  Oregon,  and  northern 
California,  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

A  small  tree,  often  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45 
metre  in  diameter ;  depressions  and  on  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  canons 
in  the  coniferous  forests ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the 
western  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  of  southern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter. 

The  bark,  like  that  of  other  species  of  the  genus,  possesses  powerful 
cathartic  properties,  and,  under  the  name  of  Oascara  sagrada,  has  been 
introduced  into  commerce  by  herbalists  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts  and 
tinctures. 

48.  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  Eschsch. 
Blue  Myrtle. 

California,  —  Coast  Ranges,  from  Mendocino  County  south  to  the 
valley  of  the  San  Luis  Rey  River. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15 
metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  the  southern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Sequoia  forests 
near  Santa  Cruz  Bay. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  very  obscure ; 
color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker. 

The  bark  of  the  root  may  be  expected  to  possess  similar  astringent 
properties  to  that  of  the  shrubby  C.  Americana,  used  with  advantage  in 
cases  of  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  and  as  a  domestic  remedy  in  the  treat- 
ment of  troubles  of  the  throat. 


JEsculus. 


SAPINDACEiE. 


17 


49.  Colubrina  reclinata,  Brong. 
Naked  Wood. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  region,  deciduous,  12  to  18  metres  in 
height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.25  metres  in  diameter ;  reaching  its  greatest 
development,  within  the  United  States,  on  Umbrella  Key,  here  forming  a 
dense  forest ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  containing  many  small  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
•  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
light  yellow. 

SAPINDACE^. 

50.  JEsculus  glabra,  Willd. 

Ohio  Buckeye.    Fetid  Buckeye. 

Western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsylvania  to 
northern  Alabama,  and  westward  through  southern  Michigan  (rare)  to 
southern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60 
metre  in  diameter ;  rich  soil  along  streams  and  bottom-lands ;  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  high  valleys  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split, 
often  blemished  by  dark  lines  of  decay ;  medullary  rays  obscure  ;  color 
white,  the  sap-wood  a  little  darker ;  largely  used,  in  common  with  that  of 
the  other  species  of  the  genus,  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden-ware,  artificial 
limbs,  paper  pulp,  wooden  hats,  less  commonly  for  the  bearings  of  shaft- 
ing and  machinery,  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

The  bark  of  the  allied  old-world  species  jE.  Hippocastanum  has  been 
found  efficacious  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona  bark  in  the  treatment  of 
intermittent  fevers,  and  similar  properties  may  be  looked  for  in  the  bark 
of  the  North  American  species  of  this  genus. 

51.  JEsculus  flava,  Ait. 

Sweet  Buckeye. 

Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  west  to  southern  Iowa,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  28  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0  90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  toward  its  southwestern  limits  reduced  to  a  shrub  ;  rich 
woods  and  borders  of  streams ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

2 


18 


SAPINDACEiE. 


JEsculus- 


A  variety  with  purple  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  the  leaflets  pubescent 
beneath,  is  var.  purpurascens,  Gray. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  split;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  creamy-white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable. 

52.  .^Esculus  Californica,  Nutt. 

California  Buckeye. 

California,  —  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River  and  Mendocino 
County,  southward  in  the  Coast  Ranges  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  along 
the  western  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

A  low,  widely  branching  tree,  8  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  short 
trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in  diameter,  often  greatly  expanded  at  the  base, 
or  more  often  a  much-branched  shrub  from  3  to  5  metres  in  height ; 
borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  canons  of  the 
Coast  Ranges  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  white  slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap- 
wood  hardly  distinguishable. 

53.  Ungnadia  speciosa,  Endl. 

Spanish  Buckeye. 

Valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  to  the  canons  of  the  Organ  Moun- 
tains, New  Mexico  ;  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  towards  its  eastern  and  western  limits  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  ;  common  west  of  the  Colorado  River,  on  bottoms  and 
rich  hillsides,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the 
Guadalupe  River,  between  New  Braunfels  and  the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  contain- 
ing numerous  evenly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
inconspicuous ;  color  red  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

54.  Sapindus  marginatns,  Willd. 

Wild  China.  Soapberry. 

Atlantic  coast,  —  Savannah  River  to  the  Saint  John's  River,  Florida; 
Cedar  Keys ;  valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Arkansas,  through  western 
Louisiana,  and  Texas  to  the  mountain  valleys  of  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  sometimes  15  to  18  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  metre  in  diameter,  west  of  the  Colorado  River 
much  smaller,  rarely  9  metres  in  height ;  borders  of  streams  or  toward  the 
western  limits  of  its  distribution,  only  in  mountain  valleys  ;  reaching  its 
greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas. 


Hypelate. 


SAPINDACE2E. 


19 


Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  split  into  thin 
strips ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged 
with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  largely  used  in  Texas  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton-baskets,  and  in  New  Mexico  for  the  frames  of  pack- 
saddles. 

55.  Sapindus  Saponaria,  L. 

Soapberry. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  Caximbas  Bay  ;  in  the  West 
Indies. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.38 
metre  in  diameter;  common  on  Cape  Sable,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development,  within  the  United  States,  on  the  Thousand  Islands  and 
along  the  shores  of  Caximbas  Bay. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
yellow. 

The  fruit  and  roots  rich  in  saponin,  and  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a 
substitute  for  soap ;  the  round  black  seeds  for  beads,  buttons,  and  small 
ornaments. 

56.  Hypelate  paniculata,  Cambess. 
Ink-wood.  Iron-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  east  coast  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern 
keys ;  in  the  West  Indies . 

A  tree  often  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  metre  in 
diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  good  polish,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary  rays  obscure  ; 
color  bright  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  in  ship -building, 
for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  wharf  piles  ;  resisting  the  attacks  of  the 
Teredo. 

57.  Hypelate  trifoliata,  Sw. 

White  Iron-ivood. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter  ;  not  common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure ; 
color  rich  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker ;  used  in  ship-building,  for 
the  handles  of  tools,  posts,  etc. 


20 


SAPINDACEiE. 


Acer. 


58.  Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  L. 

Striped  Maple.    Moose-wood.    Striped  Dogwood.    Goose-foot  Maple. 
Whistle-wood. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  islands  of  Lake  Huron,  south  through  the  north  Atlantic 
States,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia ;  west 
through  the  lake  region  to  northeastern  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter  ;  cool  ravines  and  mountain  sides. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny  ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

59.  Acer  spicatum,  Lam. 

Mountain  Maple. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of 
the  great  lakes  to  northern  Minnesota  and  the  Saskatchewan  region, 
south  through  the  northern  States  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
northern  Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub ;  cool  woods  and  mountain 
ravines  ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  inconspicu- 
ous ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

60.  Acer  macrophyllum,  Pursh. 

Broad-leaved  Maple. 

Coast  of  Alaska,  from  latitude  55°  south  along  the  islands  and  coast  of 
British  Columbia,  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  along 
the  California  Coast  Ranges  and  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  and  Hot  Spring  Valley,  San  Diego 
County ;  not  found  above  4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.50  metres  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Coquille  and  other  rivers  of  southern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white ; 
largely  used  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  axe  and  broom 
handles,  frames  of  snow-shoes,  etc. ;  specimens  with  the  grain  beautifully 
curled  and  contorted  are  common. 


Acer. 


SAPINDACEiE. 


21 


61.  Acer  circinatum,  Pursh. 
Vine  Maple. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  River  and  probably  farther  north  in  British 
Columbia,  southward  through  Washington  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  to  the  Mount  Shasta  region  of  northern  California; 
rarely  found  above  4,000  feet  altitude. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to 
0.30  metre  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams;  the  stems  often  prostrate 
and  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown  or  often  nearly  white  ;  the  sap-wood 
lighter;  specific  gravity,  0.6660;  ash,  0.39;  used  as  fuel,  by  lumbermen 
for  axe  and  shovel  handles,  and  by  the  coast  Indians  for  the  bows  of 
fishing-nets. 

62.  Acer  glabram,  Torr. 

Dwarf  Maple. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  River  and  probably  farther  north  in  British 
Columbia,  south  through  Washington,  Oregon,  and  along  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains  of  California  to  the  Yosemite  Valley ;  east  along  the 
mountain  ranges  of  Idaho  and  Montana  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  south  through  Colorado  and  Utah ;  in  the  east  Humboldt 
Range,  Nevada,  and  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  New  Mexico  and 
eastern  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  1  to  2  metres  in 
height ;  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
mountain  canons  of  western  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

63.  Acer  grandidentatum,  Nutt. 

Western  Montana,  canons  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  and 
south  through  eastern  Arizona  to  southwestern  New  Mexico ;  and  in 
Coahuila. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20 
to  0.25  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin,  distinct ;  color  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white. 

64.  Acer  saccharimim,  Wang. 

Sugar  Maple.    Sugar  Tree.    Hard  Maple. 
Southern  Newfoundland,  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  Saguenay 
Rivers,  shores  of  Lake  Saint  John,  west  along  the  northern  shores  of  the 


22 


SAPINDACEiE. 


Acer. 


great  lakes  to  Lake  of  the  Woods ;  south  through  the  northern  States 
and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Alabama  and  western 
Florida;  west  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  of  great  economic  value,  24  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.60  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter,  or  towards  its  southwestern  limits  greatly 
reduced  in  size  ;  rich  upland  woods ;  often  forming  extensive  forests,  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  of  the  great  lakes.  A  form 
with  more  widely  lobed  leaves,  often  downy  on  the  lower  side,  common 
along  the  borders  of  streams  and  on  bottom-lands  from  western  Vermont 
to  southern  Missouri,  extending  south  to  northern  Alabama  and  south- 
western Arkansas,  is  var.  nigrum,  Gray. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furni- 
ture, shoe  lasts  and  pegs,  saddle-trees,  in  turnery,  for  interior  finish  and 
flooring  ;  in  ship-building  for  keels,  keelsons,  shoes,  etc.,  and  furnishing 
valuable  fuel ;  "  curled  "  maple  and  "  bird's-eye  "  maple,  accidental  forms 
in  which  the  grain  is  beautifully  curled  and  contorted,  are  common  and 
highly  prized  in  cabinet-making. 

Maple  sugar  is  principally  made  from  this  species ;  the  ashes  of  the 
wood,  rich  in  alkali,  yield  large  quantities  of  potash. 

65.  Acer  dasycarpum,  Ehrh. 

Soft  Maple.     White  Maple.    Silver  Maple. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  John  River,  New  Brunswick,  to  southern  Ontario, 
south  to  western  Florida,  west  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the 
valley  of  the  Blue  River,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  1.20  to  1.80  metres  in  diameter,  borders  of  streams  and  intervales, 
in  rich  soil ;  most  common  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  reach- 
ing its  greatest  development  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  somewhat  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cheap  furniture,  for  flooring,  etc.  Maple  sugar  is  occasionally  made  from 
this  species. 

66.  Acer  rubrum,  L. 

Red  Maple,    Swamp  Maple.    Soft  Maple.     Water  Maple. 

New  Brunswick,  Quebec,  and  Ontario  south  of  latitude  49°,  north  and 
west  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  south  to  Indian  and  Caloosa  Rivers, 
Florida  ;  west  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  20  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  32  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.90  to  1.50  metres  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  and  low,  wet 


Negundo. 


SAPINDACEiE. 


23 


swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower 
Wabash  and  Yazoo  Rivers.  A  form  common  in  southern  Arkansas,  east- 
ern Texas,  western  Louisiana,  and  sparingly  through  the  Gulf  States  to 
southern  Georgia,  and  well  characterized  by  its  obovate  or  truncate  leaves, 
densely  covered,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  young  shoots,  with  a  thick 
white  tomentum,  is  var.  Dnimmondii,  Sargent. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown,  often  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making,  turnery,  and  for 
wooden-ware,  gunstocks,  etc. 

67.  -Negundo  aceroides,  Moench. 
Box  Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Shores  of  the  Winooski  River  and  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  near 
Ithaca,  New  York,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  south  to  Hernando  County, 
Florida ;  northwest  through  the  lake  region  of  the  United  States  and 
Manitoba  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  along  the  southern  branch  of  the  Sas- 
katchewan to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  west,  in  the 
United  States,  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 
and  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah  ;  southwest  through  the  basin  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  western  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  to  eastern  Arizona  ; 
and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  tree  15  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre,  or, 
exceptionally,  1.20  metres  in  diameter  ;  moist  soil,  borders  of  streams,  etc. ; 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  in  high  valleys,  between  5,000  and  6,000 
feet  elevation  ;  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  trees  of  the  American 
forest,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  the  Wabash  and 
Cumberland  Rivers. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  creamy-white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ; 
occasionally  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  for  wooden-ware,  cooper- 
age, and  paper-pulp. 

Small  quantities  of  maple  sugar  are  sometimes  obtained  from  this 
species. 

68.  Negnndo  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Box  Elder. 

California,  —  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River,  southward  in  the 
interior  valleys  of  the  Coast  Ranges  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Ber- 
nardino Mountains. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60 
metre  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  nearly  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  yellow ; 
occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 


24 


ANACARDIACEiE. 


Rhus. 


ANACARDIACEjE. 

69.  Rhus  cotinoides,  Nutt. 
Chittam-wood. 

Alabama,  —  southern  slopes  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  north  of 
the  Tennessee  River  ;  and  doubtfully  reported  north  of  the  Alabama 
line,  in  Tennessee.  Indian  Territory,  rocky  banks  of  the  Grand  River 
(Nuttall). 

In  Alabama,  a  small  wide-branching  tree,  9  to  10  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  metre  in  diameter,  on  limestone  benches 
between  700  and  900  feet  elevation,  in  dense  forests  of  oak,  ash,  maple, 
etc. ;  local  and  very  rare  ;  not  rediscovered  in  Arkansas  or  the  Indian 
Territory  ;  in  Alabama  nearly  exterminated. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  sev- 
eral rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ; 
color  bright,  clear,  rich  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely 
used  locally  for  fencing,  and  yielding  a  clear  orange  dye. 

70.  Rhus  typhina,  L. 

Staghorn  Sumach. 

New  Brunswick,  west  through  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River 
to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  through  the  northern  States  and 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  central  Alabama 
and  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub ;  dry  hillsides,  or  often  along  streams 
in  sandy,  moist  soil. 

Wood  light,  brittle,  soft,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  taking  a  good 
polish  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  four  to  six  rows  of 
large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  yellow 
streaked  with  green,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  occasionally  used  for 
inlaying  cabinet  work. 

Bark  and  leaves,  astringent,  and  rich  in  tannin,  are  somewhat  used 
locally  as  a  dye  and  in  dressing  skins. 

71.  Rhus  copallina,  L. 

Dwarf  Sumach. 

Northern  New  England,  south  to  Manatee  and  Caximbas  Bay,  Florida, 
west  to  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River, 
Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  a  low  shrub  1  to  2  metres  in  height ;  dry  hills 


Rhus. 


ANACARDIACEiE. 


25 


and  ridges ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas  and 
eastern  Texas ;  running  into  various  forms  (var.  lanceolata,  Gray ;  var. 
leucantha,  DC). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny,  suscep- 
tible of  a  good  polish  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  not  prominent ;  color 
light  brown,  streaked  with  green,  or  often  tinged  with  red  ;  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

Leaves  and  bark  astringent,  rich  in  tannin;  the  leaves  largely  collected, 
principally  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Tennessee,  and 
ground  for  tanning  and  dyeing. 

72.  Rhus  venenata,  DC. 

Poison  Sumach.    Poison  Elder. 

Northern  New  England,  south  to  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
western  Louisiana,  west  to  northern  Minnesota,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall  shrub  ;  low,  wet  swamps,  or 
more  rarely  on  higher  ground. 

Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  moderately  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  three  or  four  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medul- 
lary rays  thin,  very  obscure  ;  color  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter. 

The  whole  plant,  as  well  as  the  allied  R.  Toxicodendron,  is  exceedingly 
poisonous  to  most  persons,  owing  to  the  presence  of  a  volatile  principle, 
Toxicodendric  acid  ;  the  white  milky  sap,  turning  black  in  drying,  yields 
a  valuable  lacquer. 

73.  Rhus  Metopium,  L. 

Poison-wood.     Coral  Sumach.    Mountain  Manchineel.  Bum-wood. 
Hog  Plum.  Doctor-gum. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre 
in  diameter,  reaching,  in  the  United  States,  its  greatest  development  on 
the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  near  Miami ;  one  of  the  most  common  trees 
of  the  region,  the  large  specimens  generally  decayed. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying, 
containing  many  evenly  distributed  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown 
or  yellow. 

A  resinous  gum,  emetic,  purgative,  and  diuretic,  is  obtained  from  incis- 
ions made  in  the  bark  of  this  species. 


26 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


Pistacia. 


74.  Pistacia  Mexicana,  HBK. 

Texas,  —  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  near  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  River ; 
in  northern  Mexico. 
Wood  not  examined. 

LEGUMINOS^E. 

75.  Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  Watson. 

Western  Texas,  valleys  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  and  Rio  Grande,  west 
to  the  Santa  Rita  and  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Arizona ;  in  northern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree.  5  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.09  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  reaching  its 
greatest  known  develojmient,  in  the  United  States,  near  the  summit  of  the 
Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  at  3,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  very  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  defined  by  numerous  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin ;  color  light  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow. 

76.  Dalea  spinosa,  Gray. 

Colorado  Desert,  southern  California  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Gila 
River,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  short,  stout  trunk 
0.45  to  0.50  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub  ;  dry,  gravelly,  rocky 
soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  containing  many  regularly  dis- 
tributed open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  walnut  brown, 
the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

77.  Robinia  Pseudacacia,  L. 

Locust.    Black  Locust.    Yellow  Locust. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Georgia  ;  widely 
and  generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  possibly  indigenous  in  northeastern  and  western  Arkansas, 
and  on  the  prairies  of  eastern  Indian  Territory. 

A  tree  22  to  25  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres 
in  diameter ;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  much  smaller,  or  often  a  low 
shrub  1.80  to  3  metres  in  height,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
western  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  ground  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked 
by  two  or  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  color  brown  or  more  rarely 
light  green,  the  sap-wood  yellow  ;  largely  used  for  treenails,  posts  of  all 
sorts,  construction,  and  in  turnery. 


Olneya. 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


27 


The  bark  of  the  root  is  tonic,  or  in  large  doses  purgative  and  emetic. 
The  locust  was  formerly  widely  planted  as  a  timber  tree ;  its  cultivation 
in  the  United  States  is  now  generally  abandoned  on  account  of  the  de- 
structive attacks  of  the  locust-borer  (Cyllene picta). 

78.  Robinia  viscosa,  Vent. 

Clammy  Locust. 
High  Alleghany  Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  1 2  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  not  exceeding  0.30 
metre  in  diameter ;  very  rare  and  local  in  a  wild  state,  but  now  widely 
cultivated  and  occasionally  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Wood  (of  a  cultivated  specimen)  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  many  rows  of  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

79.  Robinia  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray. 
Locust. 

Southern  Colorado,  through  western  and  southwestern  New  Mexico  to 
the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  and  in  southern 
Utah. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15 
to  0.25  metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  upper  limits  of  growth  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the 
Purgatory  River,  Colorado. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
containing  many  evenly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  con- 
spicuous ;  color  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

80.  Olneya  Tesota,  Gray. 

Lron-wood.    Arbol  de  Hierro. 

California,  valley  of  the  Colorado  River  south  of  the  Mohave  Moun- 
tains, valley  of  the  lower  Gila  River,  southwestern  Arizona;  southward 
in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  9  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  sometimes  0.45  metre  in  diameter ;  dry  arroyos  and  canons  ;  in 
Sonora  more  common  and  of  larger  size. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  the 
grain  generally  contorted,  difficult  to  cut  and  work,  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  dark  brown  streaked 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  clear  bright  yellow ;  occasionally  manufactured  into 
canes  and  other  small  objects. 


28 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


Piscidia. 


81.  Piscidia  Erythrina,  L. 

Jamaica  Dogwood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida, — Bay  Biscayne  and  Pease  Creek  to  the  south- 
ern keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  tree  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.75  metre  in 
diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible 
of  a  high  polish,  containing  few  large  scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  color  yellowish  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ; 
one  of  the  most  valuable  woods  of  the  region  for  boat-building,  firewood, 
and  charcoal. 

The  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  narcotic,  occasionally  administered  in 
the  form  of  tinctures,  or  used,  as  well  as  the  young  branches  and  leaves, 
to  poison  or  stupefy  fish. 

82.  Cladrastis  tinctoria,  Raf. 

Yellow-wood.    Yellow  Ash.  Gopher-wood. 

Central  Kentucky,  and  middle  Tennessee  to  the  mountains  of  East 
Tennessee  and  Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  metre, 
or  exceptionally  1.20  metres,  in  diameter;  rich  hillsides;  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  middle  Tennessee ;  rare  and  very  local,  the  large 
trees  generally  hollow  or  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of 
a  good  polish ;  layers,  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows 
of  open  ducts,  and  containing  many  evenly  distributed  similar  ducts ; 
color  bright  clear  yellow,  changing  with  exposure  to  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white;  used  for  fuel,  occasionally  for  gunstocks,  and 
yielding  a  clear  yellow  dye. 

83.  Sophora  secundiflora,  Lagasca. 
Frigolito. 

Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  west  to  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  west  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  a 
tall  shrub  rarely  exceeding  2  metres  in  height,  and  forming  dense  thickets  ; 
borders  of  streams,  generally  in  low,  rather  moist  soil. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  orange  streaked  with  red, 
the  heavier  sap-wood  brown  or  yellow ;  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

The  seeds  contain  an  exceedingly  poisonous  alkaloid,  Sophoria. 

84.  Sophora  afrinis,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Valley  of  the  Arkansas  River,  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  San 
Antonio  River,  Texas. 


Gleditschia. 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


29 


A  small  tree,  5  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to 
0.25  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  prairies. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  with  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ; 
medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  bright 
clear  yellow. 

85.  G-ymnocladus  Canadensis,  Lam. 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree.  Coffee-nut. 

Southern  Pennsylvania  (rare)  ;  western  New  York  (rare)  ;  west  through 
southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota 
River,  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  southwestern  Arkan- 
sas, and  the  Indian  Territory,  extending  south  to  middle  Tennessee. 

A  tree  25  to  33  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods  and  bottom-lands  ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with 
the  ground,  liable  to  check  in  drying,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  rich  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter ;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making, 
for  posts,  rails,  etc. 

The  fresh  leaves,  macerated  and  sweetened,  are  occasionally  used  as  a 
poison  for  house-flies  ;  the  seeds,  formerly  as  a  domestic  substitute  for  coffee. 

86.  Gleditschia  triacanthos,  L. 

Honey  Locust.  Black  Locust.    Three-thorned  Acacia.    Sweet  Locust. 
Honey  Shucks. 

Western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  west 
through  southern  Michigan  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the 
Indian  Territory ;  south  to  Tampa  Bay,  Florida  (not  detected  in  east 
Florida),  northern  Alabama,  northern  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  25  or  30  metres,  or  exceptionally  40  metres,  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter  ;  low,  rich  bottom-lands,  or  more 
rarely  on  dry,  sterile  hills ;  the  characteristic  tree  of  the  "  barrens  "  of 
middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  basin ;  widely  cultivated  for  shade 
and  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  now  somewhat  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States 
east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  A  not  uncommon  form,  nearly  destitute 
of  thorns,  is  var.  inermis,  Pursh. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  moderately  compact,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  many  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  bright  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
lighter  ;  used  for  fence  posts  and  rails,  wagon  hubs,  construction,  etc. 


30 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


Gleditschia- 


87.  Gleditschia  monosperma,  Walt. 

Water  Locust. 

South  Carolina,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  Matanzas  Inlet  and  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River, 
Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  south- 
ern Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  or, 
exceptionally,  0.90  metre  in  diameter ;  deep  swamps ;  rare  in  the  south 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
on  the  bottom-lands  of  southern  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas, 
here  often  covering  extensive  areas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  suscep- 
tible of  a  high  polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to 
three  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  rich 
bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  heavier  sap-wood  clear  light 
yellow. 

88.  Parkinsonia  Torreyana,  Watson. 

Green-barked  Acacia.    Palo  Verde. 

Colorado  Desert,  southern  California  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Gila 
River,  Arizona. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  8  to  10  metres  in  height,  the  short  trunk 
sometimes  0.45  to  0.50  metre  in  diameter ;  low  canons  and  depressions  in 
the  sand-hills  of  the  desert ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  not  strong,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible 
of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many  small,  evenly  distributed,  open  ducts; 
medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear 
light  yellow. 

89.  Parkinsonia  microphylla,  Torr. 

Valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Bill  Williams  Rivers,  eastward 
through  southern  Arizona. 

A  small,  much-branched  tree,  6  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25 
to  0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  or  often  a  low  shrub,  1  to  3  metres  in  height. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  large 
scattered  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color 
dark  rich  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow. 

90.  Parkinsonia  aculeata,  L. 

Corpus  Christi,  Texas,  west  along  the  Mexican  boundary  to  the  valley 
of  the  Colorado  River,  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico ;  probably  of 
American  origin,  but  now  widely  naturalized  throughout  the  tropical  and 
warmer  regions  of  the  globe. 


Prosopis. 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


31 


A  small  tree,  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  con- 
taining many  evenly  distributed  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very 
numerous,  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown,  the  very  thick  sap-wood 
lighter,  often  tinged  with  yellow. 

91.  Cercis  Canadensis,  L. 

Red-bud.    Judas  Tree. 

Western  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  northern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  west  through  southern  Michigan  and  Minne- 
sota to  eastern  Nebraska  ;  southwest  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to 
the  eastern  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory,  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  16  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter ;  rich  woods,  borders  of  streams,  and  swamps  ;  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas,  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  suscep- 
tible of  a  good  polish ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to 
three  rows  of  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  exceedingly  numerous,  thin ; 
color  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

92.  Cercis  reniformis,  Engelm. 
Red-bud. 

Middle  and  western  Texas  west  of  the  Colorado  River ;  in  northern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub  forming  dense  thickets ;  limestone  hills. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  not  conspicuous ;  color  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter. 

93.  Prosopis  juliflora,  DC. 

Mesquit.    Algaroba.    Honey  Locust.    Honey  Pod. 

Texas,  —  valley  of  the  Trinity  River  to  the  northern  and  western  limits 
of  the  State ;  west  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the  western 
foothills  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  reaching  southern 
Colorado,  southern  Utah,  and  southern  Nevada ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  sometimes  9  to  15  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0.90  metre  in  diameter,  or  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub  ;  dry  prairies  and  high  rocky  plains,  or  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  along  desert  streams,  here  often  forming  open  forests,  and 


32 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


Prosopis. 


reaching  its  greatest  development,  within  the  United  States,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Santa  Cruz  and  other  streams  of  southern  Arizona ;  in  western 
Texas,  owing  to  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairies,  rarely  1  metre  in 
height,  the  roots  then  enormously  developed,  often  weighing  several 
hundred  pounds,  and  forming,  as  they  are  here  locally  known,  "  under- 
ground forests,"  furnishing  the  best  and  cheapest  fuel  of  the  region. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to 
work,  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  many 
evenly  distributed,  rather  large,  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
distinct ;  color  rich  dark  browm  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow  ; 
exclusively  used  for  the  beams  and  underpinnings  of  the  adobe  houses  of 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico,  for  posts  and  fencing,  and 
occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  the  fellies  of  heavy  wheels, 
etc. ;  the  best  and  often  the  only  fuel  of  the  region,  burning  slowly  with 
a  clear  flame,  and  producing  valuable  charcoal,  but  unsuited  for  the  gen- 
eration of  steam  on  account  of  its  destructive  action  upon  boilers. 

A  gum  resembling  gum-arabic  is  yielded  by  this  species ;  the  unripe 
and  pulpy  pods  rich  in  grape  sugar,  are  edible,  furnishing  valuable  and 
important  fodder. 

94.  Prosopis  pubescens,  Benth. 

Screw  Bean.    Screw-pod  Mesquit.  Tornilla. 

Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  western  Texas,  west  through  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona  to  southern  California,  southern  Utah  and  southern  Ne- 
vada ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
to  0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall,  much-branched  shrub ;  sandy 
or  gravelly  river-bottoms,  reaching  its  greatest  development,  within  the 
United  States,  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  com- 
pact, containing  many  evenly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter ; 
used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

The  pods  used  as  fodder  are  sometimes  made  into  flour  by  the  Indians. 

95.  Leucsena  glauca,  Benth. 

Western  Texas,  —  San  Saba  to  Devil's  River ;  in  northern  Mexico ; 
semi-tropical  Florida  (introduced)  ;  and  through  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter ;  or  often  a  tall  or,  in  Florida,  low  shrub,  sending  up  many 
stems  from  the  ground. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small 
regularly  distributed  open  ducts ;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary 
rays  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  rich  brown  streaked  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  clear  yellow. 


Acacia. 


LEGUMINOSiE. 


33 


96.  Leucaena  pulverulenta,  Benth. 

Southern  Texas,  —  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande ;  in  northern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  often  forming  dense  thickets ;  rich,  sandy  loam. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small, 
regularly  distributed,  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin, 
conspicuous ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow. 

97.  Acacia  Wrightii,  Benth. 
Cat's  Claw. 

Valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  western  Texas,  west  and  south  to  the 
valley  of  the  Rio  Grande ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  ex- 
ceeding 0.30  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low,  much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  small  open  ducts,  and  containing 
many  scattered  smaller  ducts ;  medullary  rays  hardly  distinguishable ; 
color  bright  clear  brown  streaked  with  red  and  yellow,  the  sap-wood 
clear  yellow. 

98.  Acacia  G-reggii,  Gray. 
Cat's  Claw. 

Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  western  Texas,  west  through  south- 
ern New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  San  Diego,  California;  in  northern 
Mexico. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  rarely  0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub ;  dry  slopes  and  low 
canons ;  common,  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  rather  large  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  brown  or  red,  the  sap- 
wood  light  yellow. 

A  resinous  gum  resembling  gum-arabic  is  yielded  by  this  species. 

99.  Acacia  Berlandieri,  Benth. 

Valley  of  the  Nueces  to  Devil's  River,  southern  Texas,  southward 
into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter  ;  or  more  often  a  tall  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems 
from  the  ground. 

Wood  not  examined. 

3 


34 


ROSACEA. 


Lysiloma. 


100.  Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  Benth. 

Wild  Tamarind. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre 
in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  suscep- 
tible of  a  fine  polish,  containing  many  scattered  open  ducts ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous ;  color  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  white  ;  somewhat  used,  locally,  in  boat  and  ship  building. 

101.  Pithecolobhim  Unguis-cati,  Benth. 

Cafs  Claw. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Caximbas  Bay  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  ex- 
ceeding 0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  throwing  out  many  spreading, 
vine-like  stems  from  the  ground. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  inconspicuous ;  color  rich  red  varying  to  pur- 
ple, the  sap-wood  clear  yellow. 

ROSACEA. 

102.  Chrysobalanns  Icaco,  L. 

Cocoa  Plum. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  and  Caximbas  Bay  to  the 
southern  keys ;  through  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  America  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30 
metre  in  diameter  ;  or  along  sandy  beaches  a  low  prostrate  shrub  1.08  to 
2.16  metres  in  height;  reaching  its  greatest  development,  within  the 
United  States,  on  the  borders  and  islands  of  the  Everglades,  near  Bay 
Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few 
irregularly  distributed,  not  large,  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  light  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

103.  Pmmis  Americana,  Marsh. 

Wild  Plum.     Canada  Plum.    Horse  Plum. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  to  the  valleys  of  Rainy  and  Assinaboine 
Rivers  and  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Manitoba ;  northern  Vermont, 
western  New  England,  and  southward  through  the  Atlantic  States  to 
western  Florida ;  west  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  River,  Dakota, 
Pike's  Peak  region,  Colorado,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Concho  River, 
Texas. 


Prunus. 


ROSACEA. 


35 


A  small  tree,  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  rich  woods,  or  along  streams  and  the  borders  of 
ponds  and  swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands 
of  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color 
rich  bright  brown  or  often  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  for  the  handles 
of  tools,  etc.  > 

Often  cultivated  for  the  yellow,  red,  or  rarely  nearly  black  acid,  or 
rarely  sweet  fruit. 

104.  Prunus  angustifolia,  Marsh. 
Chickasaw  Plum.    Hog  Plum. 

Probably  native  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  southern  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, where  it  is  found  at  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  and  of  the  high  plateau 
east  and  southeast  of  them ;  now  widely  naturalized  by  early  cultivation 
throughout  the  Atlantic  forests  south  of  Pennsylvania  and  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  extending  as  far  north  as  southern  Michigan. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub,  generally  along  streams  or  borders  of 
prairies,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter.  Often 
cultivated  for  its  globose  red  or  yellow  fruit. 

105.  Prunus  Pennsylvanica,  L.  f. 

Wild  Red  Cherry.    Pin  Cherry.    Pigeon  Cherry. 

Labrador,  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  west  through  the  Saskatche- 
wan region  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Fraser  River ;  south  through  the 
northern  States  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois, 
central  Iowa,  and  along  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains  of  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub ;  common  in  all  the  northern  forests,  and  taking  posses- 
sion of  ground  cleared  by  fire  of  forest  growth. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  yellow. 

The  small  acid  fruit  used  domestically  and  by  herbalists  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  cough  mixtures,  etc. 

106.  Prunus  umbellata,  Ell. 

Sloe.    Black  Sloe. 

South  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  and  through  central  Alabama  to  eastern  Mississippi. 


36 


ROSACEA. 


Pr  units. 


A  small  tree,  5  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.38  metre 
in  diameter  ;  dry,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
tbin ;  color  dark  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

107.  Prunus  emarginata,  Walp. 

Vancouver's  Island  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  south 
through  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  along  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  San  Francisco  Bay 
to  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  California ;  east  to  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  Idaho,  and  the  valley  of  the  Jocko  River, 
Montana. 

A  tree  often  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  ex- 
ceeding 0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  at  high  elevations  and  throughout  cen- 
tral California  reduced  to  a  shrub  2  to  3  metres  in  height,  or,  in  the  Santa 
Lucia  Mountains,  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90 
metre  in  diameter ;  generally  along  streams  or  in  low,  rich  woods.  The 
common  northern  and  Idaho  form,  more  or  less  woolly  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  is  var.  mollis,  Brewer. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown  streaked  with  green. 

108.  Prunus  serotina,  Ehrh. 

Wild  Black  Cherry.    Rum  Cherry. 

Southern  Ontario,  southward  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Matan- 
zas  Inlet  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida ;  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Missouri 
River,  Dakota,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of 
the  upper  San  Antonio  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres,  or 
exceptionally  1.50  metres,  in  diameter;  rich,  generally  upland  woods; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  West  Virginia  southward ;  not  common 
and  of  small  size  in  the  Gulf  region  and  Texas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  close,  straight -grained,  compact,  easily 
worked ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown  or  red, 
growing  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  yellow ;  largely  used 
and  esteemed  in  cabinet  work,  interior  finish,  etc.,  and  now  becoming 
scarce. 

The  bark  contains  a  bitter  tonic  principle,  and  infused  with  cold  water 
generates  a  small  percentage  of  hydrocyanic  acid,  and  is  employed  as  a 
tonic  and  sedative  in  cases  of  pulmonary  consumption  in  the  form  of  cold 
infusions,  syrups,  and  fluid  extracts ;  the  bitter  fruit  used  domestically  in 
the  preparation  of  cherry  brandy. 


Prunus. 


ROSACEA. 


87 


109.  Prunus  Capuli,  Cav. 
Wild  Cherry. 

Apache  and  Guadalupe  Mountains,  Texas,  west  through  southern  New- 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the  San  Francisco  Moun- 
tains ;  in  northern  New  Mexico,  and  Peru. 

A  small  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  12  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  often  0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  bottoms  of  canons  and  mountain 
valleys,  generally  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  heavy,  moderately  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
very  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  or  often  bright  clear  red,  the  sap- 
wood  nearly  white. 

110.  Prunus  demissa,  Walp. 

Wild  Cherry. 

Vancouver's  Island,  east  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  Montana,  south  through  the  Pacific  region ;  and  in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to 
0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low  shrub ;  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  rich  valleys  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  Cali- 
fornia, near  the  coast ;  in  southern  California,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and 
Sierra  Nevada  Ranges,  a  low  shrub  confined  to  high  mountain  valleys. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

111.  Prunus  Caroliniana,  Ait. 

Wild  Orange.    Mock  Orange.     Wild  Peach. 

North  Carolina,  south,  near  the  coast,  to  Bay  Biscayne,  Florida,  south- 
ern Alabama,  and  west,  along  the  Gulf  coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Guada- 
lupe River,  Texas. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  10  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  de- 
velopment in  the  rich,  light,  deep  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  of  eastern 
Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light 
reddish-brown,  or,  more  rarely,  dark  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

112.  Prunus  sphaerocarpa,  Sw. 

Western  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  not  exceeding  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.10  to  0.15  metre  in  diameter;  high  rocky  woods,  or  more  rarely  along 
the  borders  of  streams  and  ponds ;  rare  and  local  in  the  United  States. 

Wood  heav}%  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  containing 
many  very  small  open  ducts ;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays 
obscure ;  color  light  clear  red,  the  sap-wood  pale  yellow. 


38 


ROSACEA. 


Pr  units. 


113.  Prunus  ilicifolia,  Walp. 

Islay. 

California,  —  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Francisco  Bay  south  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  State,  extending  to  the  western  slopes  of  the 
San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  often  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.30  to  0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  the  interior  often  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  seasoning, 
satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many  regularly  dis- 
tributed, rather  small,  open,  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color 
bright  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter ;  furnishing  valuable 
fuel. 

114.  Vauquelinia  Torreyi,  Watson. 

Arizona,  —  high  mountains  of  the  Gila  Valley,  summits  of  the  Santa 
Catalina  Mountains ;  in  Sonora. 

A  small  tree  in  the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  4  to  6  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.20  metre  in  diameter;  dry  slopes  and  rocky  bluffs 
between  2,700  and  4,000  feet  elevation,  in  granitic  soil ;  generally  hollow 
and  decayed. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  dark  brown 
streaked  with  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow. 

115.  Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nutt. 

Mountain  Mahogany. 

Cceur  d'Alene  Mountains,  Idaho,  southward  along  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  Wyoming ;  eastern  extremities 
of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon ;  Wahsatch  Mountains, 
Utah,  and  west  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Great  Basin  to  the  west- 
ern slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  extending  southward  into 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

A  small,  low  tree,  rarely  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
0.60  to  0.90  metre  in  diameter,  or  north  of  Utah  and  Nevada  reduced  to 
a  low  shrub ;  dry  rocky  mountain  slopes,  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet 
elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high  ranges  of  central 
Nevada. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  brittle,  difficult  to 
work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish;  medullary  rays  very  numerous, 
thin ;  color  bright  clear  red,  or  often  dark  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood 
clear  yellow ;  furnishing  the  most  valuable  fuel  of  the  region,  and  largely 
manufactured  into  charcoal. 


Pyrus. 


ROSACEA. 


39 


116.  Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  Nutt. 

Mountain  Mahogany. 

California,  —  valley  of  the  Klamath  River,  southward  through  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains;  Lower 
California ;  Rocky  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico, 
mountains  of  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
0.30  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  reach- 
ing its  greatest  development  on  the  mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  at  an  elevation  of  6,000  to  8,000  feet. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to  work,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color 
bright  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown;  furnishing  valuable 
fuel. 

117.  Pyrus  coronaria,  L. 

American  Grab.    Sweet-scented  Crab. 

Valley  of  the  Humber  River,  and  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  Ontario,  south- 
ward through  western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  central  Alabama  and 
northern  Mississippi ;  west  to  southern  Minnesota,  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas, 
the  Indian  Territory,  and  northern  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  0.30 
metre  in  diameter ;  rich,  rather  low  woods,  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Ohio  region. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  badly 
in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  brown  varying  to 
light  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow ;  used  for  levers,  handles  of  tools,  and  in 
turnery. 

118.  Pyrus  angustifolia,  Ait. 

American  Crab  Apple.    Southern  Crab  Apple. 

Pennsylvania (?),  southern  Delaware,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Wabash  River,  Illinois,  south  to  western  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  metre 
in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  devel- 
opment on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  South  Atlantic  States  ;  less  common 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
yellow ;  used  for  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 


40 


ROSACEA. 


Pyrus. 


119.  Pyrus  rivularis,  Dougl. 

Oregon  Grab  Apple. 

Coast  of  Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  and  islands  of  British 
Columbia,  through  Washington  and  Oregon,  west  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, to  northern  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45 
metre  in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods,  generally  along  streams,  often  form- 
ing dense  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  liable  to  check  badly  in  drying, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  for  mallets, 
mauls,  bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 

120.  Pyrus  Americana,  DC. 

Mountain-ash. 

Labrador,  Newfoundland,  Anticosti  Island,  and  westward  along  the 
southern  shore  of  James  Bay  to  the  valley  of  the  Nelson  River,  south- 
ward through  all  the  elevated  regions  of  the  northeastern  States,  and 
along  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  ;  in  northern 
Michigan,  northern  Wisconsin,  and  northern  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter  ;  borders  of  swamps  and  moist,  rocky  woods,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  on  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Superior. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure  ;   color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

121.  Pyrus  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

Mountain-ash. 

Labrador  to  northern  New  England  and  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  ; 
high  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific  region  from  Alaska  to  southern  New 
Mexico  ;  in  Kamtschatka. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Pacific  forests  generally  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub  ;  cold,  wet  swamps  or  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  northern  New  England  and  Minnesota. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

The  astringent  bark  and  unripe  fruit  of  the  American  mountain  ashes, 
like  those  of  the  nearly  allied  P.  aucuparia  of  Europe,  are  extremely 
astringent,  and  occasionally  used,  domestically,  in  infusions,  decoctions, 
etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea. 


Crataegus. 


ROSACEA. 


41 


122.  Crataegus  rivularis,  Nutt. 

British  Columbia,  south  through  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington,  east 
and  southeast  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Idaho,  Montana,  Utah,  and 
Colorado  to  the  Pinos  Altos  Mountains,  New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  metre  in  diameter  ;  or  often  a  tall,  much-branched  shrub,  forming 
dense,  impenetrable  thickets  along  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin  ;  color  bright  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

123.  Crataegus  Douglasii,  Lindl. 

British  Columbia,  south  through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  northern 
California,  extending  east  through  Idaho  and  Montana  to  the  western  base 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub  throwing  up  many  stems  from  the 
ground  and  forming  impenetrable  thickets  ;  rather  wet,  sandy  soil  along 
streams,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  ;  toward  its  eastern  limits  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  susceptible  of 
a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  nearly  white 
tinged  with  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  used  for  wedges,  mauls,  etc. 

1 24.  Crataegus  brachyacantha,  Sargent  &  Engelm. 
Hog's  Haw. 

Western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams  in  low,  very  rich  soil ;  the  largest  North 
American  representative  of  the  genus ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beau- 
tiful polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  brown 
tinged  with  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  large  fruit  blue-black. 

125.  Crataegus  arborescens,  Ell. 

Valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  South  Carolina,  south  to  western  Flor- 
ida ;  and  from  the  neighborhood  of  Saint  Louis,  Missouri,  south  and 
southwest  to  western  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colorado 
River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.45 
to  0.60  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  low,  wet  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  small  globular  fruit  bright  red,  or,  more  rarely,  orange. 


42 


ROSACEA. 


Cratcegus. 


126.  Crataegus  Crus-galli,  L. 

Cockspur  Thorn.    Newcastle  Thorn. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  west  through  southern  Ontario 
to  Manitoba,  south,  through  the  Atlantic  forests,  to  western  Florida,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter  ;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  of  the  fruit,  size  and  shape 
of  the  leaves,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  suscep- 
tible of  a  fine  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  rather  lighter. 

127.  Crataegus  coccinea,  L. 

Scarlet  Haw.  .  Red  Haw.     White  Thorn. 

West  coast  of  Newfoundland,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Law- 
rence River  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  great  lakes  to  Manitoba,  south 
through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  metre 
in  diameter ;  open  upland  woods  or  borders  of  streams  and  prairies ;  very 
common  at  the  North,  rare  at  the  South  ;  running  into  many  forms,  vary- 
ing in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  fruit,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very 
obscure  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 

128.  Crataegus  subvillosa,  Schrad. 
Scarlet  Haw. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  (possibly  introduced)  ;  central  Michigan  to 
eastern  Nebraska,  south  to  middle  Tennessee,  and  southwest  through 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the 
San  Antonio  River. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  metres  in  heightj  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  metre 
in  diameter  ;  rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams  and  prairies. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  light  brown  or  light  red,  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

The  large  red  fruit  often  downy,  edible,  of  agreeable  flavor. 

129.  Crataegus  tomentosa,  L. 

Black  Thorn.    Pear  Haw. 

New  Brunswick,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River 
and  the  northern  shores  of  the  great  lakes  to  the  Saskatchewan  region, 
southward  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  western  Florida  and  eastern 
Texas,  extending  west  to  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and  Ore- 
gon, southwestern  Colorado,  and  southwestern  New  Mexico. 


Cralcegus. 


ROSACEA. 


43 


A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub,  here  forming  dense  thickets  along  mountain  streams; 
the  most  widely  distributed  representative  of  the  genus  in  North  America, 
and  varying  greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  color  of  the  fruit,  form  of  the 
leaves,  amount  of  pubescence,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  bright  reddish  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

130.  Crataegus  cordata,  Ait. 

Washington  Thorn. 

Virginia,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama,  extending  west  through  middle  and  eastern  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  to  southern  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  metre 
in  diameter,  generally  along  banks  of  streams. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

131.  Crataegus  apiifolia,  Michx. 
Parsley  Haw. 

Southern  Virginia,  southward  near  the  coast  to  about  latitude  28°,  ex- 
tending west  through  the  Gulf  States  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley 
of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  slender  stem  rarely 
exceeding  0.08  to  0.10  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  much- 
branched  shrub ;  low,  rich  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
pine-barren  hummocks  of  central  Florida. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beau- 
tiful polish  ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure  ;  color  bright  brown  tinged 
with  red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

132.  Crataegus  spathulata,  Michx. 

Small-fruited  Haw. 

Virginia,  southward  to  western  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  the  valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Arkansas,  and  the  Colorado  River, 
Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  margins  of  streams  and 
prairies,  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom- 
lands of  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
very  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 


44 


ROSACEA. 


Cratcegus. 


133.  Crataegus  berberifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter  ;  borders  of  prairies,  in  low  ground  ;  rare,  local,  and  still  very 
imperfectly  known ;  the  fruit  and  wood  not  yet  collected. 

134.  Crataegus  aestivalis,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 

South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida,  and  west  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter  ;  generally  in  sandy  soil  along  the  margins  of  streams  and 
ponds  ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom- 
lands of  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  large,  globular,  fragrant  red  fruit  possesses  an  agreeable  subacid 
flavor,  and  ripens  in  May. 

135.  Crataegus  flava,  Ait. 

Summer  Haw.     Yellow  Haw.    Red  Haw. 

Virginia  southward,  generally  near  the  coast,  to  Tampa  Bay,  Florida, 
extending  west  through  the  Gulf  States  to  eastern  Texas  and  southern 
Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  metre  in 
diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  much-branched  shrub  2  to  3  metres  in  height ; 
borders  of  streams,  in  low,  sandy  soil  subject  to  overflow.  A  variety 
distinguished  by  the  pubescence  upon  the  calyx  and  young  branches, 
smaller  flowers,  and  larger  globular  or  pear-shaped  edible  fruit,  is  var. 
pubescens,  Gray. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  rose,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

Fruit  small,  red  or  yellow,  acid,  or  in  the  variety  large  and  edible. 

136.  Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  Roem. 
Toyon.     Tollon.     California  Holly. 

California,  —  Coast  Ranges,  Mendocino  to  San  Diego  County,  extending 
east  to  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

A  small,  low-branched  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  metres  in 
height,  the  short  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to  0.45  metre  in  diameter;  or  more 
often  a  low,  much-branched  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying, 
satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very 
obscure ;  color  dark  reddish-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 


Liquidambar. 


HAMAMELACE2E. 


45 


1 37.  Amelanchier  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
June-berry.    Shad-bush.    Service  Tree.    May  Cherry. 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  west  along  the  southern  shores  of  Hud- 
son's Bay  to  the  Saskatchewan  region  ;  south  through  the  Atlantic  forests 
to  northern  Florida,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter,  or  in  some  forms  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (vars.  rotundifolia 
and  oligocarpa,  Torr.  &  Gray)  ;  common  at  the  north,  rare  at  the  south, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains ;  varying  greatly  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  size  of 
the  flowers,  amount  of  pubescence  on  the  leaves  and  young  shoots,  etc. 
(var.  oblongifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray). 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good 
polish ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  obscure ;  color  dark  brown  often 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

HAMAMELACEJE. 

138.  Hamamelis  Virginica,  L. 

Witch-hazel. 

Northern  New  England  and  southern  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  to 
northern  Florida  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  exceptionally  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30 
to  0.37  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall  shrub  throwing  up  many 
stems  from  the  ground ;  common ;  rich,  rather  damp  woodlands,  reaching 
its  greatest  development  upon  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
hardly  distinguishable ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure  ;  color  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

The  bark  and  leaves  rich  in  tannin,  and  largely  used  by  herbalists  in 
the  form  of  fluid  extracts,  decoctions,  etc.,  in  external  applications  (Pond's 
Extract),  and  as  a  reputed  remedy  in  hemorrhoidal  affections. 

139.  Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  L. 

Sweet  Gum.    Liquidamber.    Red  Gum.  Bihted. 

Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  south- 
ward to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Trinity  River,  Texas  ;  in  central  and  southern  Mexico. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to-  36  metres,  or  exceptionally  48  metres,  in 
height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  metres  in  diameter  ;  low,  wet  soil ;  very 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the 
Mississippi  Basin,  —  here,  with  the  cotton-gum,  forming  a  large  proportion 
of  the  forest  growth. 


46 


RHIZOPHORACE.E.  —  COMBRETACEiE.  Rluzoph 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  compact, 
inclined  to  shrink  and  warp  badly  in  seasoning,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful 
polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  bright  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used 
in  the  construction  of  buildings  for  plates,  boarding,  and  clapboards,  in 
cabinet  work  as  a  substitute  for  black  walnut,  and  for  veneering  and  street 
pavements. 

The  balsamic  exudation  obtained  from  this  species  at  the  South  is  col- 
lected by  herbalists,  and  sometimes  used  in  the  form  of  a  syrup  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  storax  in  the  treatment  of  catarrhal  affections,  or  externally 
as  an  ointment. 

RHIZOPHORACEJE. 

140.  Rhizophora  Mangle,  L. 

Mangrove. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern 
keys  ;  Delta  of  the  Mississippi  River ;  coast  of  Texas ;  West  Indies  and 
tropical  America ;  and*  now  widely  naturalized  throughout  the  tropics  of 
the  Old  World. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres,  or  exceptionally  27  metres,  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  commonly  not  exceeding  4 
to  7  metres  in  height ;  low  saline  shores,  reaching,  in  the  United  States,  its 
greatest  development  on  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Sable ;  south  of  latitude 
29°,  bordering  with  almost  impenetrable  thickets  the  coast  of  the  Florida 
peninsula,  ascending  the  rivers  for  many  miles,  especially  those  flowing 
from  the  Everglades,  and  entirely  covering  many  of  the  southern  key's. 

Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  and  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in 
drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many  evenly 
distributed  rather  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color  dark  reddish  brown  streaked  with  lighter  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter  ;  used  for  wharf  piles  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

COMBRETACEJE. 

141.  Conocarpus  erecta,  L. 

Buttonwood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  Bay  to  the  south- 
ern keys  ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  often  8  metres,  or  exceptionally  15  to  18  metres,  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre  in  diameter  ;  common,  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development,  in  the  United  States,  on  Lost  Man's  River,  north  of 
Cape  Sable ;  or  sometimes  reduced  to  a  low  under-shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact,  suscep- 


Eugenia. 


MYRTACEiE. 


47 


tible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  dark 
yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  burning  slowly  like  charcoal,  and 
highly  valued  for  fuel. 

142.  Laguncularia  racemosa,  Gaertn.  f. 
White  Buttonwood.     White  Mangrove. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Sable;  West  Indies  and  tropical  America; 
coast  of  tropical  Africa. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to 
0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub  ;  very  common ;  saline  shores  of  lagoons  and  bays. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  compact ;  sus- 
ceptible of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color 
dark  yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

MYRTACEJE. 

143.  Calyptranthes  Chytraculia,  Sw. 

Semi-tropical  Florida, — shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Key  Largo;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15 
metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly 
distributed  rather  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 

144.  Eugenia  buxifolia,  Willd. 

Gurgeon  Stopper.    Spanish  Stopper. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Romano ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
0.30  metre  in  diameter,  reaching  its  greatest  development,  in  the  United 
States,  on  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  Everglades. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  very 
compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  dark  brown  shaded  with 
red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter  ;  somewhat  used  for  fuel. 

145.  Eugenia  dichotoma,  DC. 

Naked-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  to  Cape  Canaveral,  common, 
west  coast,  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Romano  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
0.15  metre  in  diameter. 


48 


CACTACE.E. 


Eugenia. 


Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  yellow. 
The  small,  edible  fruit  of  agreeable  aromatic  flavor. 

146.  Eugenia  monticola,  DC. 

Stopper.     White  Stopper. 

Saint  John's  River  to  Umbrella  Key,  Florida,  rare  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  metre  in 
diameter,  or  in  northern  Florida  reduced  to  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  darker. 

147.  Eugenia  longipes,  Berg. 

Stopper. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  No  Name  Key  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter  ;  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  con- 
taining many  evenly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure  ;  color  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap-wood  brown 
tinged  with  red. 

148.  Eugenia  procera,  Poir. 

Red  Stopper. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre  in 
diameter;  often  forming  extensive  groves,  and  reaching  its  greatest  de- 
velopment, in  the  United  States,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Miami,  Bay 
Biscayne. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong  and  close-grained, 
compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  light 
yellow-brown,  the  sap-wood  darker. 

CACTACE^E. 

149.  Cereus  giganteus,  Engelm. 

Suw arrow.    Sagiiaro.     Giant  Cactus. 

Valley  of  Bill  Williams  Fork,  Arizona,  south  and  east  through  central 
Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro  River ;  southward  in  Sonora. 

A  tall,  columnar  tree,  8  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
0.60  metre  in  diameter;  dry,  stony  slopes,  or  low  hills  rising  from  the 
desert. 


Cornus. 


CORNACEiE. 


49 


Wood  of  the  large  strong  ribs  very  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained, 
solid,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  almost  indestructible  in  contact 
with  the  ground  ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  broad  ;  color  light  brown 
tinged  with  yellow  ;  used  in  the  region  almost  exclusively  for  the  rafters 
of  adobe  houses,  for  fencing,  and  by  the  Indians  for  lances,  bows,  etc. 

The  edible  fruit  is  largely  collected  and  dried  by  the  Indians. 

CORNACE^E. 

150.  Cornus  alternifolia,  L.  f. 

Dogwood. 

New  Brunswick,  west  along  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River 
to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  south  through  the  northern  States 
and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods,  and  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying  ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light 
yellow. 

151.  Cornus  florida,  L. 

Flowering  Dogwood.  Boxwood. 

Southern  New  England,  southern  Ontario,  southern  Minnesota,  and 
through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  middle  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  rich 
woods,  common,  especially  at  the  south. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  checking  badly  in  dry- 
ing, satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ,  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous ;  color  brown,  changing  in  different  specimens  to  shades  of 
green  and  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  in  turnery,  for  wood  engraving 
and  the  bearings  of  machinery,  hubs  of  wheels,  barrel-hoops,  etc. 

The  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  in  common  with  that  of  the  other  spe- 
cies of  the  genus,  possesses  bitter  tonic  properties,  and  is  used  in  the  form 
of  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  and  malarial  fevers. 

152.  Cornus  Nuttallii,  Audubon. 
Flowering  Dogwood. 

Vancouver's  Island,  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and 
southward  in  California  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

A  small,  slender  tree,  sometimes  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
rarely  0.45  metre  in  diameter ;  reaching  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  an 

4 


50 


CORNACEiE. 


Nyssa. 


elevation  of  3,000  feet,  and  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  of  from 
4,000  to  5,000  feet;  common;  rich,  rather  damp  soil,  generally  in  the 
dense  shade  of  coniferous  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  somewhat  used  in 
cabinet-making,  for  mauls,  handles,  etc. 

153.  Nyssa  capitata,  Walt. 

Ogeechee  Lime.    Sour  Tupelo.     Gopher  Plum. 

Valley  of  the  Ogeechee  River,  Georgia,  to  western  Florida,  and  in 
southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  9  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter;  deep  swamps  and  river  bottoms;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact, 
unwedgeable,  containing  many  regularly  distributed  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable. 

A  conserve,  under  the  name  of  "  Ogeechee  limes,"  is  prepared  from  the 
large,  acid  fruit. 

1 54.  Nyssa  sylvatica,  Marsh. 

Tupelo.    Sour  Gum.    Pepperidge.    Black  Gum. 
Southern  Maine  and  northern  Vermont,  west  to  central  Michigan,  south 
to  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.50  metres  in 
diameter,  or  at  the  north  much  smaller ;  borders  of  swamps,  or  on  rather 
high,  rich  hillsides  and  pine  uplands  ;  at  the  south  often  in  pine-barren 
ponds  and  deep  swamps,  the  base  of  the  trunk  then  greatly  enlarged  and 
swollen  {N.  aquatica,  L.). 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  unwedgeable,  difficult  to 
work,  inclined  to  check  unless  carefully  seasoned,  not  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil,  containing  numerous  regularly  distributed  small  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin;  color  light  yellow  or  often  nearly  white,  the 
sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  now  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
rollers  in  glass-factories,  ox-yokes,  and  on  the  Gulf  coast  for  wharf-piles. 

155.  Nyssa  uniflora,  Wang. 

Large  Tupelo.     Cotton-gum.  Tupelo-gum. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint 
Mary's  River,  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the 
Neches  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern  and  south- 
eastern Missouri  to  southern  Illinois. 

A  large  tree,  21  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  deep  swamps  and  bottom-lands  subject  to  frequent 


Viburnum. 


CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 


51 


overflow  ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  the  bottom-lands 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  River  basin,  and  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  the  cypress  swamps  of  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas,  near 
the  coast. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  unwedgeable ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white  ; 
used  in  turnery  and  largely  for  wooden-ware;  that  of  the  root  for  the 
floats  of  nets,  etc.,  as  a  substitute  for  cork. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

156.  Sambiicus  glauca,  Nutt. 
Elder. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  River  and  Vancouver's  Island,  British  Columbia, 
south  to  the  Mexican  boundary,  extending  east  to  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon  and  the  Wahsatch  Range,  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to 
0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  large 
shrub  ;  mountain  valleys,  in  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  rather  conspicuous ;  color  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter. 

157.  Sambucus  Mexicana,  Presl. 

Elder. 

Valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  south  through  western  Texas,  west  along 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  United  States  to  southern  California  ;  in 
northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25 
metre  in  diameter  ;  bottom-lands,  in  moist,  gravelly  loam. 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, thin,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

158.  Viburnum  Lentago,  L. 
Sheep-berry.  Nanny-berry. 

Southern  shores  of  Hudson  Bay,  west  in  British  America  to  about 
longitude  102°,  south  through  the  northern  States  to  Pennsylvania,  south- 
ern Indiana,  eastern  Missouri,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
northern  Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15  to 
0.25  metre  in  diameter ;  rocky  ridges  and  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
in  rich,  moist  soil ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
far  north. 


52 


RUBIACEiE. 


Viburnum. 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  emitting  a  disagreeable 
odor ;  medullary  rays  thin,  barely  distinguishable ;  color  dark  orange- 
brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

159.  Viburnum  prunifolium,  L. 

Black  Haw.  Stag-bush. 

Southern  Connecticut  and  New  York,  south  to  middle  Florida  and  the 
valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas  ;  west  to  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the 
Indian  Territory. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  at  the  north  generally  reduced  to  a 
low,  much-branched  shrub ;  rocky  hillsides  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  liable  to  check 
in  drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

RUBIACE^E. 

160.  Exostema  Caribaeum,  Ream.  &  Schultes. 

Keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.30 
metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in 
drying,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure  ;  color  light  brown  beautifully  streaked  with  different  shades 
of  yellow  and  brown,  the  sap-wood  clear  rich  yellow. 

161.  Pinckneya  pubens,  Michx. 

Georgia  Bark. 

South  Carolina,  near  the  coast ;  basin  of  the  upper  Apalachicola  River 
in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.30  metre 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  low,  sandy  swamps ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying  ;  layers 
of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  four  to  six  rows  of  large  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  few,  obscure ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

Infusions  of  the  bark  are  successfully  used  in  the  treatment  of  inter- 
mittent fever,  as  a  substitute  for  cinchona. 

162.  G-enipa  clusiaefolia,  Griseb. 

Seven-year  Apple. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  much-branched,  knotty  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height, 


Andromeda. 


ERICACEAE. 


53 


with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.10  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  Florida  more 
often  a  shrub  ;  borders  of  saline  shores. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beau- 
tiful polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  rich  dark  brown  shaded 
with  orange,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

163.  Guettarda  elliptica,  Sw. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.20  metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  scattered  small 
open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  tinged 
with  red. 

ERICACEAE. 

164.  Yaccinmm  arboreum,  Marsh. 
Farkle-berry. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  middle  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  States  to  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern 
Missouri  to  southern  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.25  metre 
in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ; 
very  common  throughout  the  pine-belt  of  the  Gulf  States,  along  the  larger 
ponds  and  streams,  in  moist  sandy  soil,  and  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  eastern  Texas  near  the  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  twist  in  dry- 
ing, satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
broad,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
hardly  distinguishable  ;  somewhat  used  in  turnery  in  the  manufacture  of 
small  handles,  etc. 

1 65.  Andromeda  ferruginea,  Walt. 

South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter,  often  crooked  or  semi-prostrate,  rich  hummocks ;  or,  in 
sandy  pine-barren  soil,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
height ;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  venation,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  checking  in  drying, 
satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 


54 


ERICACEiE. 


Arbutus. 


166.  Arbutus  Menziesii,  Pursh. 

Madrona. 

Islands  of  British  Columbia,  southward  through  Washington  and  Ore- 
gon, near  the  coast,  and  through  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California  to  the 
Santa  Lucia  Mountains. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  25  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90 
to  1.20  metres  in  diameter,  or  rarely  much  larger  ;  south  of  San  Francisco 
Bay  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  hillsides  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying  ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  shaded  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  the  bark 
in  tanning. 

167.  Arbutus  Xalapensis,  HBK. 

Southern  Arizona,  —  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  between  4,500  and  7,000 
feet  elevation  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow 
and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in 
drying,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

168.  Arbutus  Texana,  Buckley. 

Western  Texas,  Hays  and  Travis  Counties,  west  to  the  Guadalupe  and 
Eagle  Mountains,  and  southward,  probably  into  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter ;  dry  limestone  hills  and  ridges  ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  tinged  with  red ;  used  in 
turnery,  the  manufacture  of  mathematical  instruments,  etc. 

169.  Oxydendrum  arboreum,  DC. 

Sorrel  Tree.  Sour-wood. 

Western  Pennsylvania,  south  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  west- 
ern Florida  and  the  eastern  shores  of  Mobile  Bay,  west  to  middle  Ten- 
nessee and  western  Louisiana. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.35 
metre  in  diameter  ;  usually  in  rather  dry,  gravelly  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beau- 
tiful polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  somewhat  lighter ;  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  bearings  of 
machinery,  etc. 


M yrsine. 


MYRSINACEiE. 


55 


170.  Kalmia  latifolia,  L. 

Laurel,     Calico-bush.    Spoonwood.  Ivy. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  south  to  west- 
ern Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  States  to  western  Louisiana  and  the 
valley  of  the  Red  River,  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to 
0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low  shrub  ;  rich  woodlands ;  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  southern  Alleghany 
Mountains,  here  often  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  principal 
medullary  rays  broad,  dark  brown,  conspicuous ;  intermediate  rays  nu- 
merous, thin,  inconspicuous  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  lighter ;  used  for  tool-handles,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

171.  Rhododendron  maximum,  L. 

Great  Laurel.    Rose  Bay. 

Nova  Scotia  and  the  north  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  south  through  New 
England,  New  York,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  10  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.30  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  tall,  straggling  shrub  ;  at  the 
North  in  cold  swamps  ;  rare  ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains,  on  steep,  rocky  banks 
of  streams,  etc. ;  never  on  limestone. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  clear  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  occa- 
sionally used  in  turnery  for  the  handles  of  tools,  etc. ;  a  good  substitute 
for  boxwood  in  engraving. 


MYRSINACEJE. 
172.  Myrsine  Rapanea,  Roem.  &  Schultes. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Indian  River  to  the  southern  keys  ;  through 
the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  8  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub ;  borders  of  ponds 
and  fresh-water  creeks  ;  in  the  West  Indies  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  very  conspicuous  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  beauti- 
fully striped  with  the  darker  medullary  rays,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distin- 
guishable. 


56 


SAPOTACE.E. 


Ardisia. 


173.  Ardisia  Pickeringia,  Nutt. 

Marl-berry.  Cherry. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Romano  ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  southern 
Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.15 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub  ;  reaching  its  greatest  development,  in 
Florida,  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a  beau- 
tiful polish  ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  rich 
brown,  beautifully  marked  with  the  darker  medullary  rays,  the  sap-wood 
a  little  lighter. 

174.  Jacquinia  armillaris,  Jacq. 
Joe-wood. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  rare  ;  through  the  West  Indies 
to  Brazil. 

A  low,  rigid  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  sometimes  0.15  metre  in  diameter ;  in  the  West  Indies  much  larger. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  checking  and  shrinking  badly  in 
drying,  containing  many  scattered  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, broad,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  clear  brown  tinged  with  yellow. 

The  saponaceous  leaves  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 


SAPOTACE^E. 

175.  Chrysophylhim  oliviforme,  Lam. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Sable  ;  rare  ;  through  the  West  Indies  to 
Brazil. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30 
metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  not  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  shaded 
with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 

176.  Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron,  Jacq. 

Mastic. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Cape  Romano  to  Cape  Sable  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  often  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  the  largest  and  most  valuable  tree  of  semi-tropical  Florida ; 
common. 


Bumelia. 


SAPOTACE^. 


57 


Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in 
drying,  containing  few  scattered  small  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, not  conspicuous ;  color  bright  orange,  the  sap-wood  yellow ; 
largely  used  in  ship  and  boat  building. 

177.  Dipholis  salicifolia,  A.  DC. 

Bustle.  Cassada. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys  ;  through 
the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  metre 
in  diameter  ;  the  large  specimens  hollow  and  defective  ;  rare. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  com- 
pact, checking  in  drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing 
many  scattered  large  open  ducts  ;  color  dark  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

178.  Bumelia  tenax,  Willd. 

North  Carolina,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Canaveral  and 
Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.15 
metre  in  diameter ;   sandy  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible 
of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  well  characterized,  as  in  all  the  North  American 
species,  by  large  open  ducts,  defining,  with  several  rows,  the  rings  of 
annual  growth,  connected  by  conspicuous  branching  groups  of  similar 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  streaked  with 
white,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

179.  Bumelia  lanuginosa,  Pers. 

Gum  Elastic.  Shittim-wood. 

Georgia  and  northern  Florida  to  Mobile  Bay,  Alabama  ;  southern  Illi- 
nois and  southern  Missouri,  through  Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  Texas. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90 
metre  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  States  much  smaller,  rarely  exceed- 
ing 6  metres  in  height ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  very  compact,  the  open  ducts 
conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  or  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter ;  somewhat  used  in  cabinet-making. 

180.  Bumelia  spinosa,  A.  DC. 

Arizona,  —  Santa  Catalina  Mountains  ;  Parras  and  Saltillo,  Mexico. 
A  small  tree,  6  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  near  water-courses  ;  rare. 


58 


EBENACEiE. 


Bumelia. 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  the  open  ducts  con- 
spicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure  ;  color  light  rich  brown  or  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter. 

181.  Bumelia  lycioides,  Gaertn.  f. 
Iron-wood.    Southern  Buckthorn. 

Coast  of  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois,  south  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and 
the  Caloosa  River,  Florida,  and  through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Concho. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.15  metre  in  diameter  ;  low,  rich  soil,  or  often,  in  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  States,  a  low,  semi- prostrate  shrub  (var.  reclinatum,  Gray). 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

182.  Bumelia  cuneata,  Sw. 

Anfs-wood.    Downward  Plum.    Saffron  Plum. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Indian  River  to  the  southern  keys,  not  rare, 
west  coast,  Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Romano,  rare  ;  rocky  shores,  and  in  the 
interior  of  low,  barren  keys ;  Texas,  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and 
southward  into  northern  Mexico  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  4  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 0.30  metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color 
light  brown  or  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

183.  Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  DC. 

Wild  Dilly. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida,  common  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small,  low,  gnarled  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.30  to  0.40  metre  in  diameter ;  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very 
obscure  ;  color  rich,  very  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

EBENACEJE. 

184.  Diospyros  Virginiana,  L. 

Persimmon. 

Shores  of  Long  Island  Sound  in  Connecticut  and  New  York,  and  south- 
ern Ohio  southward  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  Caloosa  River,  Florida, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  extending  to  southeastern 
Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory. 


Symplocos. 


STYRACACEiE. 


59 


A  tree  10  to  20  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre  in  diameter  ;  very  common  and  often  entirely 
occupying  abandoned  fields  in  the  middle  and  lower  regions  of  the  south- 
ern Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the 
rich  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of 
a  high  polish,  containing  few  scattered  open  ducts  ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  one  or  more  rows  of  similar  ducts  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black,  the  thick 
sap-wood  light  brown,  often  containing  numerous  darker  spots  ;  used  in 
turnery  for  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks,  etc.,  and  preferred  for  shuttles  ;  the 
dark  heart-wood  only  developed  in  very  old  specimens  and  rarely  seen. 

The  yellow  edible  fruit  is  exceedingly  austere  until  after  frost,  then 
becoming  sweet  and  luscious,  or  in  the  Gulf  States  ripening  in  August 
without  austerity. 

A  decoction  of  the  bitter  and  astringent  unripe  fruit  and  inner  bark  is 
occasionally  used  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea,  sore  throat,  hemorrhage,  etc. 

185.  Diospyros  Texana,  Scheele. 

Black  Persimmon.    Mexican  Persimmon.  Chapote. 

Western  Texas,  —  Matagorda  Bay  to  the  valley  of  the  Concho  River ; 
in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  4  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low  shrub  ;  not  rare,  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development,  in  Texas,  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Guadalupe 
River ;  borders  of  prairies,  in  rich  soil ;  in  Mexico  more  common  and  of 
larger  size. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  taking  a  beau- 
tiful polish,  containing  few  minute  scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  nearly  black,  often  streaked  with  yellow,  the  thick 
sap-wood  clear  bright  yellow  ;  used  in  turnery  for  the  handles  of  tools, 
etc.,  suitable  for  wood-engraving,  and  probably  the  best  substitute  among 
American  woods  for  boxwood. 

The  small,  black  fruit  sweet  and  insipid. 

STYRACACEJE. 

186.  Symplocos  tinctoria,  L'Her. 

Horse  Sugar.  Sweet-leaf. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  to  middle  Florida,  and  west  through  the 
Gulf  States  to  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub ;  borders  of  cypress  swamps  or  in  deep, 
damp,  shaded  woods. 


60 


OLEACE^E. 


Halesia. 


Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  red  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter. 

The  sweet  leaves  are  greedily  eaten  by  cattle  and  horses,  and  yield,  as 
well  as  the  bark,  a  yellow  dye. 

187.  Halesia  diptera,  L. 

Snowdrop  Tree.    Silver-bell  Tree. 

South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida,  near  the  coast,  and  west  through 
the  lower  region  of  the  Gulf  States  to  eastern  Texas  and  central  Arkansas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to 
0.20  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  shrub  sending  up  many  clustered  stems 
from  the  root ;  borders  of  swamps  in  low,  wet  woods. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

188.  Halesia  tetraptera,  L. 

Rattle-box.    Snowdrop  Tree.    Silver-bell  Tree.  Calico-wood. 

Mountains  of  West  Virginia  to  southern  Illinois,  south  to  middle 
Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  through  Arkansas  to  west- 
ern Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  tree  10  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60  metre  in 
diameter,  or  often  a  tall  shrub ;  generally  along  streams,  in  rich  soil ; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  southern  Alle- 
ghany Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

OLEACEJE. 

189.  Fraxinus  G-reggii,  Gray. 

Western  Texas,  —  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  from  the  San  Pedro  to 
the  Pecos  River ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to 
0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  graceful  shrub  ;  limestone  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual 
growth  and  medullary  rays  obscure ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

190.  Fraxinus  anomala,  Torr. 
Southwestern  Colorado  to  southern  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter  ;  common  on  elevated  sandstone  slopes. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  containing  many  large  open  scat- 
tered ducts ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  similar 


Fraxinus. 


OLEACEiE. 


61 


ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

191.  Fraxinus  pistaciaefolia,  Torr. 
Ash. 

Mountains  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico,  and  southern  and 
eastern  Arizona,  to  southern  Nevada  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.45  metre 
in  diameter  ;  generally  along  borders  of  streams,  in  elevated  canons,  less 
commonly  in  dry  soil,  the  foliage  then  thick  and  coriaceous  or,  more 
rarely,  velvety  tomentose  (var.  coriacea,  Gray)  ;  the  large  specimens 
generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  occasionally 
used  in  wagon-building,  for  axe  handles,  etc. 

192.  Fraxinus  Americana,  L. 

White  Ash. 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  southern  Ontario  to  northern  Minne- 
sota, south  to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 
west  to  eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley 
of  the  Devil's  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  15  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  42 
metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  metres  in  diameter ;  low,  rich, 
rather  moist  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of 
the  lower  Ohio  River  Basin  ;  toward  its  western  and  southwestern  limits 
smaller,  of  less  economic  value,  and  generally  replaced  by  the  green  ash 
(Fraxinus  viridis).  The  form  of  western  Texas  (var.  Texensis,  Gray), 
with  smaller  fruit,  and  generally  5  short,  ovate  leaflets,  is  a  small  tree, 
with  harder,  heavier,  and  more  compact  wood. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  ultimately  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open 
ducts,  which  in  slowly  grown  specimens  occupy  nearly  the  entire  width 
of  the  annual  rings  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter,  often  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  handles,  oars,  and  for  interior 
and  cabinet  work. 

193.  Fraxinus  pubescens,  Lam. 
Red  Ash. 

New  Brunswick  to  southern  Ontario  and  northern  Minnesota,  south  to 
northern  Florida  and  central  Alabama. 

A  tree  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
metre  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  low  ground  ;  com- 
mon and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  north  Atlantic  States  ; 


62 


0LEACE2E. 


Fraxinus. 


rare  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  probably  not  extending  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  streaked 
with  yellow  ;  somewhat  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  more  valuable  white 
ash,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded. 

1 94.  Fraxinus  viridis,  Michx.  f. 
Green  Ash. 

Shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  Rhode  Island  and  southward  to  northern 
Florida,  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  the  eastern  ranges  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana,  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah,  and  the 
ranges  of  eastern  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
metre  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  or  in  low,  rather  moist  soil ;  at  the 
West  confined  to  the  bottom-lands  of  the  large  streams  and  to  high  moun- 
tain canons.  A  form  with  3  to  5  leaflets,  common  in  Texas  west  of  the 
Colorado  River  and  extending  into  Mexico,  is  var.  Berlandieriana,  Torr. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact, 
satiny,  containing  numerous  scattered  small  open  ducts,  the  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

195.  Fraxinus  platycarpa,  Michx. 

Water  Ash. 

Southeastern  Virginia,  south  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the 
Caloosa  River,  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the 
Sabine  River,  Texas,  and  the  Washita  River,  southwestern  Arkansas  ;  in 
the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  deep  river  swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  the 
open  ducts  not  conspicuous;  medullary  rays  few,  obscure  ;  color  nearly 
white  or  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

196.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  Michx. 
Blue  Ash. 

Southern  Michigan  to  central  Minnesota,  south  to  northern  Alabama, 
and  through  Iowa  and  Missouri  to  northeastern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  18  to  25  or,  exceptionally,  37  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
rarely  exceeding  0.60  metre  in  diameter;  generally  on  limestone  hills, 
rarely  extending  to  bottom-lands,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
the  basin  of  the  lower  Wabash  River. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large 


Privet. 


OLEACEiE. 


63 


open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  yellow 
streaked  with  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  for  flooring,  in 
carriage-building,  etc. 

197.  Fraxinus  Oregana,  Nutt. 
Oregon  Ash. 

Shores  of  Puget  Sound,  south  through  Washington  and  Oregon  west  of 
the  eastern  valleys  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  along  the  California  Coast 
Ranges  to  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
to  the  San  Bernardino  and  Hot  Spring  Mountains,  California. 

A  tree  sometimes  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.60  metre  in  diameter ;  moist  soil,  generally  along  streams,  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact,  contain- 
ing many  large  open  scattered  ducts,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly 
marked  with  several  rows  of  similar  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
furniture,  for  the  frames  of  carriages  and  wagons,  in  cooperage,  for 
fuel,  etc. 

198.  Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  Lam. 
Black  Ash.    Hoop  Ash.    Ground  Ash. 

Southern  Newfoundland  and  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint 
Lawrence,  southwesterly  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  south 
through  the  northern  States  to  northern  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, southern  Illinois,  and  northwestern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  25  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre  in 
diameter  ;  swamps  and  low  river  banks. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact, 
durable,  separating  easily  into  thin  layers ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  often 
nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  barrel-hoops,  in 
cabinet-making,  and  the  manufacture  of  baskets. 

199.  Forestiera  acuminata,  Poir. 

Privet. 

Southwestern  Georgia,  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  Arkansas 
to  southern  Missouri  and  southwestern  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.20  metre 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  swamps  and  streams,  in  low,  wet  soil ;  common 
in  the  Gulf  region,  near  the  coast,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  southern  Arkansas. 


64 


BORRAGINACEiE. 


Chionanlhus. 


Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  thin,  rather  conspicuous ;  color  light  yellow  streaked 
with  brown  ;  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

200.  Chionanthus  Virginica,  L. 

Fringe  Tree.     Old  Man's  Beard. 
Southeastern  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  through 
the  Gulf  States  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River, 
Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  10  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter ;  generally  along  streams,  in  low,  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  connected  as  in  that  of  Bu- 
melia  by  branching  groups  of  similar  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

A  decoction  of  the  tonic  and  anti-periodic  bark  of  the  root  is  sometimes 
employed  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers. 

201.  Osmanthus  Americanus,  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Devil-wood. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida, 
and  through  the  Gulf  States  to  eastern  Louisiana,  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree,  10  to  15  metres  in  height,  with/ a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  pine-barren  swamps,  in  moist, 
rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  unwedgeable,  diffi- 
cult to  work,  containing  many  radiating  groups  of  open  cells  parallel  to 
the  thin  obscure  medullary  rays ;  color  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood 
light  brown  or  yellow. 

BOBBAGINACEJE. 

202.  Cordia  Sebestena,  L. 

Geiger  Tree. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida  ;  rare  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.06  to  0.08 
metre  in  diameter ;  rich  hummock  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny,  containing  few  scat- 
tered small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspic- 
uous ;  color  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow. 

203.  Cordia  Boissieri,  A.  DC. 

Texas,  —  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  westward  to  New  Mexico ;  in 
northern  Mexico. 


Catalpa. 


BIGN0XIACE.E. 


65 


A  small  tree,  rarely  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.15 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub. 

Wood  light,  rather  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small 
scattered  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  very  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous  ; 
color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  brown. 

204.  Bourreria  Havanensis,  Miers. 
Strong  Bach. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  10  or,  exceptionally,  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.20  to  0.25  metre  in  diameter ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and 
defective.  A  form  (generally  shrubby  in  Florida)  with  scabrous  or  his- 
pidulous  leaves  is  var.  radula,  Gray. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  suscep- 
tible of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
brown  streaked  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  not  distinguishable. 

205.  Ehretia  elliptica,  DC. 

Knack-away.  Anaqua. 

Texas,  —  Corpus  Christi  to  New  Braunfels,  and  southward  to  the 
valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande. 

A  tree  10  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.50  metre 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  rich  loam,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  between  the  Guadalupe  and  Nueces  Rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  unwedge- 
able,  containing  many  small  open  ducts  arranged  in  numerous  concentric 
rings  within  the  layers  of  annual  growth,  these  marked  by  several  rows 
of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  a  little  lighter. 

BIG-NONIACE^E. 

206.  Catalpa  bignonioides,  Walt. 

Oatalpa.     Catawba.    Bean  Tree.     Cigar  Tree.    Indian  Bean. 

Southwestern  Georgia,  western  Florida,  and  through  central  Alabama 
and  Mississippi. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.50  to  0.75  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich 
loam  ;  rare  and  local ;  long  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  now  extensively 
naturalized  in  the  middle  and  southern  Atlantic  States. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  many 
rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
light  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white ;  used  and 
highly  valued  for  fence-posts,  rails,  etc. 

5 


66 


VERBENACEiE. 


Catalpa. 


207.  Catalpa  speciosa,  Warder. 

Western  Catalpa. 

Southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to 
southeastern  Missouri  and  western  Arkansas. 

A  tree  20  to  35  or,  exceptionally,  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
1  to  2  metres  in  diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  on  rich  bottom- 
lands ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Wabash  River  ;  cultivated  and  now  widely  naturalized  in  southern 
Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  anuual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter;  largely  used  for  railway-ties,  fence- 
posts,  rails,  etc.,  and  adapted  for  cabinet  work  and  interior  finish. 

208.  Chilopsis  saligna,  D.  Don. 

Desert  Willow. 

Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  and  west  through  southern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  California ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30 
metre  in  diameter ;  slopes  and  banks  of  depressions  and  water-courses  in 
the  desert ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  con- 
taining many  scattered  small  open  ducts ;  the  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ob- 
scure ;  color  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

209.  Crescentia  cucurbitina,  L. 

Black  Calabash-tree. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  near  Miami,  and  on  Little  River ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  6  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.10  to  0.12  metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  small 
regularly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguish- 
able ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

VERBENACE^E. 

210.  Citharexyhim  villosum,  Jacq. 

Fiddle-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the 
West  Indies  and  Mexico. 


Coccoloba.  NYCTAGINACE^E.  —  POLYGON  ACE2E. 


67 


A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  6  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre  in  diameter,  or  north  of  Bay  Biscay ne  reduced 
to  a  low  much-branched  shrub ;  common  and  reaching,  within  the  United 
States,  its  greatest  development  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Lost 
Man's  River,  etc. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish,  containing  numerous  small  regularly  distributed 
open  ducts ;  color  clear  bright  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

211.  Avicennia  nitida,  Jacq. 

Black  Mangrove.    Black  Tree.  Black-wood. 
Florida  coast,  —  Saint  Augustine  to  the  southern  keys,  and  Cedar 
Keys  to  Cape  Sable ;  deltas  of  the  Mississippi  River ;  through  the  West 
Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  tree  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.30  metre  in 
diameter,  or,  exceptionally,  20  to  23  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60 
metre  in  diameter ;  north  of  Mosquito  Inlet  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ; 
common  along  saline  shores  and  swamps,  throwing  up  many  leafless 
corky  stems,  and  forming,  with  the  red  mangrove  (Bhizophora),  impene- 
trable thickets,  or,  more  rarely,  scattered  and  round-headed  ;  reaching  its 
greatest  development,  in  the  United  States,  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida, 
north  of  Cape  Sable. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  the  eccentric 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  the  sap- 
wood  brown. 

NYCTAG-INACEJE. 

212.  Pisonia  obtusata,  Sw. 

Pigeon-wood.  Beef -wood.     Cork-wood.  Pork-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.25  to  0.45  metre  in 
diameter ;  saline  shores  and  beaches. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  compact,  containing 
numerous  large  open  ducts ;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays 
hardly  distinguishable;  color  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  the  sap-wood 
darker. 

POLYG-ONACE^E. 

213.  Coccoloba  Floridana,  Meisn. 
Pigeon  Plum. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and 
from  Cape  Romano  to  Cape  Sable. 


68 


LAURACEiE. 


Coccoloba. 


A  tree  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre  in 
diameter ;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  the  region. 

Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained, 
inclined  to  check  in  drying,  containing  few  small  scattered  open  ducts ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  obscure ;  color  rich 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  valuable  and  somewhat 
used  in  cabinet-making. 

214.  Coccoloba  uvifera,  Jacq. 

Sea  Grape. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  west 
coast,  Tampa  Bay  to  Cape  Sable ;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

A  low  tree,  rarely  exceeding  in  Florida  4  metres  in  height,  with  a 
gnarled,  contorted  trunk  often  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter,  or  re- 
duced to  a  low,  generally  prostrate  shrub ;  saline  shores  and  beaches ; 
common. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  dry- 
ing, susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  few  scattered  rather  small 
open  ducts  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  and  numerous  medullary  rays  hardly 
distinguishable ;  color  rich  dark  brown  or  violet,  the  sap-wood  lighter ; 
valuable  for  cabinet-making. 

LAURACEJE. 

215.  Persea  Carolinensis,  Nees. 
Red  Bay. 

Virginia  south  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  and 
through  the  Gulf  States  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trin- 
ity River,  Texas,  near  the  coast. 

A  tree  15  to  20  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  low,  rich  soil.  A  form 
found  near  the  coast  from  North  Carolina  to  Alabama,  well  characterized 
by  its  longer  flower-stalks  densely  covered,  as  well  as  the  young  shoots 
and  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  with  a  dense  short  brown  tomentum,  the 
wood  orange-colored  streaked  with  brown,  is  var.  palustris,  Chapm. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  many  evenly  distributed  open 
ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  bright  red,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  formerly  somewhat  used  in  ship-building,  interior  finish, 
and  for  cabinet  work. 

216.  NTectandra  Willdenoviana,  Nees. 

Lancewood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cape  Romano  to  the 
southern  keys ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 


Umbellularia 


LAURACE.E. 


69 


A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.15  metre  in  diameter;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development, 
in  Florida,  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Bisc^yne  and  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Cape  Romano. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying,  containing  many 
small  regularly  distributed  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ; 
color  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow. 

217.  Sassafras  officinale,  Nees. 
Sassafras. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  to  southwestern  Vermont,  and  west  through 
southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to  southeastern  Iowa,  eastern 
Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory ;  south  to  middle  Florida,  and  the  val- 
ley of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  exceptionally,  24  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to 
2.25  metres  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced  to  a  small 
tree  or  shrub ;  rich,  sandy  loam,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in 
southwestern  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  slightly  aromatic,  checking  in  drying ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  clearly  marked  with  three  or  four  rows  of  large  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  dull  orange-brown,  the  thin 
sap-wood  light  yellow ;  used  for  light  skiffs,  ox-yokes,  etc.,  and  largely 
for  fence  posts  and  rails,  and  in  cooperage. 

The  root,  and  especially  its  bark,  enters  into  commerce,  affording  a 
powerful  aromatic  stimulant. 

218.  Umbellularia  Californica,  Nutt. 

Mountain  Laurel.     California  Laurel.     Spice  Tree.  Cagiput. 
California  Olive.     California  Bay-tree. 

Southwestern  Oregon,  south  through  the  California  Coast  Ranges,  and 
along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to 
1.80  metres  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  limits  and  at  high  eleva- 
tions a  small  tree  or  shrub ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  devel- 
opment in  the  rich  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small  regularly  distributed  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter ;  used  on  the  Oregon  coast  in  ship-building,  for  jaws,  bitts, 
cleats,  cross-trees,  etc.,  and  the  most  valuable  material  produced  in  the 
Pacific  forests  for  interior  and  cabinet  work. 


70 


EUPHORBIACEiE.  —  URTICACE^. 


Drypetes. 


EUPHORBIACEJE. 

219.  Drypetes  crocea,  Poit. 

Guiana  Plum.  White-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.12  to  0.17 
metre  in  diameter.  A  little-known  form  (var.  latifolia,  Mull.)  with  whit- 
ish warty  branches,  the  calyx  5-parted,  and  more  coriaceous  leaves,  should 
perhaps  be  considered  a  distinct  species  (D.  glauca,  Nutt.). 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  checking  in  dry- 
ing ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood 
yellow. 

220.  Sebastiania  lucida,  Mull. 

Crab-wood.  Poison-wood. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys  ;  common  ; 
in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  decayed. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  rich  dark 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  bright  yellow ;  now  largely 
manufactured  into  canes  and  furnishing  valuable  fuel. 

221.  Hippomane  Mancinella,  L. 

Manchineel. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  common  ;  in  the  West  Indies 
and  Central  America. 

A  small  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  exceeding  4  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.12  to  0.17  metre  in  diameter;  abounding  in  white  milky  ex- 
ceedingly caustic  poisonous  sap. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  numerous  evenly 
distributed  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow. 

URTICACE^E. 

222.  Ulmus  crassifolia,  Nutt. 

Cedar  Elm. 

Southern  Arkansas,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
A  tree  18  to  20  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  or  southwestern  limits  much  smaller; 


Ulmus.  URTICACEiE.  71 

borders  of  streams,  in  rich  soil ;  one  of  the  most  common  and  valuable 
timber-trees  of  Texas  west  of  the  Trinity  River,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  valleys  of  the  Guadalupe  and  Trinity  Rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  and  medullary  rays  obscure ;  marked,  in  common 
with  that  of  all  the  North  American  species,  by  concentric  circles  of  irregu- 
larly arranged  groups  of  small  open  ducts ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  lighter ;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wagon- 
hubs,  saddle-trees,  chairs,  etc.,  and  very  largely  for  fencing. 

223.  Ulmus  fulva,  Michx. 

Bed  Elm.    Slippery  Elm.    Moose  Elm. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  River  to  northern  Dakota,  south 
to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of 
the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  15  to  20  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  metre  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  hillsides  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  durable  in  con- 
tact with  the  ground,  splitting  readily  when  green  ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, thin ;  color  dark  brown  or  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely 
used  for  wheel-stock,  fence-posts,  rails,  railway-ties,  sills,  etc. 

The  inner  bark  mucilaginous,  nutritious,  and  extensively  used  in  various 
medicinal  preparations. 

224.  Ulmus  Americana,  L. 

White  Elm.    American  Elm.     Water  Elm. 

Southern  Newfoundland  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  about  latitude  52°  N. ;  south 
to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Pease  Creek,  Florida,  extending  west  in  the  United 
States  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  central  Nebraska,  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Concho,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  35  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  2.70  metres 
in  diameter ;  rich,  moist  soil,  borders  of  streams,  etc.  ;  toward  its  western 
and  southwestern  limits  only  on  bottom-lands. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  diffi- 
cult to  split ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of 
large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  somewhat  lighter;  largely  used  for  wheel-stock,  saddle-trees, 
flooring,  in  cooperage,  and  in  boat  and  ship  building. 

225.  Ulmus  racemosa,  Thomas. 

Rock  Elm.     Cork  Elm.    Hickory  Elm.     White  Elm.     Cliff  Elm. 
Southwestern  Vermont,  through  western  New  York,  Ontario,  and 
southern  Michigan  to  northeastern  Iowa,  and  south  through  Ohio  to 
central  Kentucky. 


72 


URTICACE^E. 


Ulmus. 


A  large  tree,  20  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90 
metre  in  diameter  ;  low,  wet  clay,  rich  uplands  or  rocky  declivities  and 
river  cliffs ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern 
Ontario  and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  with 
one  or  two  rows  of  small  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  light  clear  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  much 
lighter ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  heavy  agricultural  implements, 
wheel-stock,  and  for  railway-ties,  bridge-timbers,  sills,  etc. 

226.  Ulmus  alata,  Michx. 
Wahoo.     Winged  Elm. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  through  the  middle  districts  to  western 
Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas,  extending  north  through  the  eastern  portions  of  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, Arkansas,  and  southern  Missouri  to  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter  ;  generally  in  dry,  gravelly  soil,  or  rarely  along  the  borders  of 
swamps  and  bottom-lands ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  devel- 
opment in  southern  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  unwedge- 
able ;  medullary  rays  distant,  not  conspicuous ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter    largely  used  for  hubs,  blocks,  etc. 

227.  Planera  aquatica,  Gmel. 

Valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  south  to  western 
Florida,  and  through  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi  to  western  Lou- 
isiana and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  extending  north 
through  Arkansas  and  southern  Missouri  to  central  Kentucky  and 
southern  Illinois. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  cold,  deep,  inundated  river-swamps  ;  rare  in  the  Atlantic  and 
eastern  Gulf  States ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few 
scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

228.  Celtis  occidentalis,  L. 

Sugar-berry.  Hachberry. 
Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  west  to  eastern  Dakota,  south 
through  the  Atlantic  region  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  River,  Texas. 


Ficus.  URTICACEiE.  73 

A  large  tree,  18  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  to  39  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.50  metres  in  diameter;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  Mississippi  River  basin ;  rich  bottoms  or 
dry  hillsides  ;  sometimes  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (  G  pumila),  and  varying 
greatly  in  the  size,  shape,  and  texture  of  the  leaves  (  G.  Mississippiensis 
Icevigata,  integrifolia,  crassifolia,  etc.)  ;  the  extremes  connected  by  innu- 
merable intermediate  forms,  which,  thus  considered,  make  one  poly- 
morphous species  of  wide  geographical  range.  A  form  with  small  thick 
coriaceous  leaves  with  prominent  reticulated  veins,  found  from  western 
Texas  to  southern  California,  and  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  east- 
ern Oregon  is  var.  reticulata,  Sargent. 

Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by 
several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  containing  many  small  groups  of  smaller 
ducts  arranged  in  intermediate  concentric  rings  ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, thin;  color  clear  light  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  largely  used  for 
fencing  and  occasionally  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

229.  Ficus  aurea,  Nutt. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Indian  River  to  the  southern  keys. 

A  large  parasitic  tree,  germinating  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of  other 
trees,  and  sending  down  to  the  ground  long  aerial  roots,  which  gradually 
grow  together,  kill  the  enclosed  tree,  and  form  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  to 
1.20  metres  in  diameter. 

Wood  exceedingly  light,  soft,  very  weak,  coarse-grained,  compact,  not 
durable ;  medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter. 

230.  Ficus  brevifolia,  Nutt. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  metre  in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  few  large  open 
scattered  ducts,  and  many  groups  of  much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  con- 
centric circles ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light 
brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

231.  Ficus  pedunculata,  Ait. 

Wild  Fig.    India-rubber  Tree, 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  southern  keys ;  in  the 
West  Indies. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.50  metre  in  diameter  ;  often  branched  from  the  ground  ;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  large 
open  scattered  ducts,  with  many  groups  of  small  ducts  arranged  in  con- 


74 


URTICACE^. 


Morus. 


centric  circles ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  orange 
brown,  the  sap-wood  undistinguishable. 

232.  Morns  rubra,  L. 

Red  Mulberry. 

Western  New  England  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  west  through 
southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota, 
eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas ;  south  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano, 
Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  20  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  generally  on  rich  bottom-lands ;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  basins  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  the 
Mississippi  Rivers. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained,  compact, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  orange-yellow,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter ;  largely  used  in  fencing,  cooperage,  for  snaths,  and  at  the 
South  in  ship  and  boat  building. 

The  large  dark  purple  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 

233.  Moms  microphylla,  Buckley. 

Mexican  Mulberry. 

Valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  through  western  Texas  to  the  valley  of 
the  Gila  River,  New  Mexico ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  mountain  canons  of  southern 
New  Mexico. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  several  rows  of  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  orange  or,  rarely,  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

The  small  acid  fruit  hardly  edible. 

234.  Maclnra  aurantiaca,  Nutt. 

Osage  Orange.    Bois  a1' Arc. 

Southwestern  Arkansas,  southeastern  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  southward  into  northern  Texas. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
exceeding  0.60  metre  in  diameter ;  rich  bottom-lands  ;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  in 
the  Indian  Territory  ;  extensively  planted  for  hedges,  especially  in  the 
Western  States. 


Platanus. 


PLATANACE^E. 


75 


Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  flexible,  close-grained, 
compact,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous  small  open  ducts  ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  with  broad  bands  of  larger  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
thin,  numerous,  conspicuous;  color  bright  orange,  turning  brown  with 
exposure,  the  sap-wood  light  yellow ;  largely  used  for  fence-posts,  paving- 
blocks,  railway-ties,  and  wheel-stock. 

PLATANACEjE. 

235.  Platanus  occidentals,  L. 

Sycamore.    Buttonwood.    Button-ball  Tree.     Water  Beech. 

Southern  Maine  and  southeastern  New  Hampshire  to  northern  Ver- 
mont and  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  west  to  eastern 
Nebraska  and  Kansas ;  south  to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama,  and 
Mississippi,  and  southwest  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's  River,  Texas. 

The  largest  tree  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  often  30  to  40  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  2.40  to  4.20  metres  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and 
bottom-lands,  in  rich,  moist  soil ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers ;  the  large 
specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to 
split  and  work ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  broad  bands 
of  small  ducts ;  the  numerous  medullary  rays  very  conspicuous,  as  in  that 
of  all  the  North  American  species  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  for  tobacco  boxes,  ox-yokes,  butchers'  blocks, 
and,  rarely,  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

236.  Platanus  racemosa,  Nutt. 

Sycamore.  Buttonwood. 

California,  —  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River,  south  through  the  in- 
terior valleys  and  Coast  Ranges  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  difficult  to 
split ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  by  narrow  bands  of  small 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

237.  Platanus  Wrightii,  Watson. 
Sycamore. 

Valleys  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro 
River,  Arizona ;  in  northern  Mexico. 


76 


JUGLANDACE^. 


Juglans. 


A  tree  sometimes  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60 
metre  in  diameter ;  banks  of  streams  and  high  mountain  canons. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  clearly  marked  by  several  rows  of  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin,  very  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  lighter. 

JUG-LANDACE^E. 

238.  Juglans  cinerea,  L. 

Butternut.     White  Walnut. 

Southern  New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River, 
Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  northern  Minnesota  and  central  Iowa ; 
south  to  Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  northern  Arkansas,  and  south- 
eastern Kansas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  or,  exceptionally,  30  to  35  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in  diameter;  rich  woodlands;  rare  at  the  south; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  Ohio  River 
basin. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  easily 
worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  containing  numerous 
regularly  distributed  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin, 
obscure ;  color  bright  light  brown,  turning  dark  with  exposure,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter ;  largely  used  for  interior  finish,  cabinet  work,  etc. 

The  inner  bark,  especially  that  of  the  root,  is  employed  medicinally  as 
a  mild  cathartic,  and  furnishes  a  yellow  dye. 

239.  Juglans  nigra,  L. 

Black  Walnut. 

Western  Massachusetts,  west  along  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Erie 
through  southern  Michigan  to  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and 
eastern  Kansas,  south  to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  often  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to 
3  metres  in  diameter ;  rich  bottom-lands  and  hillsides ;  most  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains  and  in  the  rich  bottoms  of  southwestern  Arkansas 
and  the  Indian  Territory ;  less  common  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  now  everywhere  scarce. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  if  not 
carefully  seasoned,  easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  numerous  large  regularly  distributed 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  color  rich 


Carya. 


JUGLANDACEiE. 


77 


dark  brown,  the  thin  sap-wood  much  lighter;  more  generally  used  in 
cabinet-making,  interior  finish,  and  for  gun-stocks,  than  that  of  any  other 
North  American  tree. 

240.  Juglans  rupestris,  Engelm. 
Walnut. 

Valley  of  the  upper  Colorado  River,  west  through  western  Texas, 
southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  eleva- 
tion, and  in  the  California  Coast  Ranges  from  the  San  Bernardino  Moun- 
tains to  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River. 

A  tree  rarely  15  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90 
metre  in  diameter,  reaching  its  greatest  development  near  its  northern 
limits  in  California  ;  in  Texas  generally  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched 
shrub ;  borders  of  streams  and  mountain  canons,  in  rich  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  checking  in  drying,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  good  polish,  containing  numerous  regularly  distributed  large 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  distant,  thin,  obscure ;  color  rich  dark  brown, 
the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  small  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 

241.  Carya  olivaeformis,  Nutt. 

Pecan.    Illinois  Nut. 

Southeastern  Iowa,  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  northwestern  Ken- 
tucky, south  and  southwest  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  eastern 
Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  western  Louisiana,  and  Texas  to  the  valley 
of  the  Concho  River. 

A  tree  30  to  52  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  metres  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  low,  rich  soil ;  very  common  and  reach- 
ing its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  Arkansas  and  the 
Indian  Territory ;  the  largest  species  of  the  genus,  and  the  largest  and 
most  important  tree  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows,  of  large  open  ducts  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red ;  the 
sap-wood  lighter  brown ;  less  valuable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  species, 
and  hardly  used  except  for  fuel. 

The  sweet  edible  nuts  are  collected  in  great  quantities,  affording  an 
important  article  of  commerce. 

242.  Carya  alba,  Nutt. 

Shell-bark  Hickory.    Shag-bark  Hickory. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  northern  shores  of  Lakes  On- 
tario and  Erie  to  southern  Michigan  and  southeastern  Minnesota,  south 
to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  west  to  eastern 
Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 


78 


JUGLANDACEiE. 


Carya. 


A  large  tree,  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  39  to  45  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter ;  rich  hillsides  and  sandy 
ridges ;  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains ;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit. 
A  form  with  small,  thin-shelled  nuts  (  C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.)  is  not  rare 
from  Delaware  southward,  and  in  Michigan. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact, 
flexible ;  layers  of  annual  growth  clearly  marked  with  one  to  three  rows 
of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  brown,  the 
thin  and  more  valuable  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  axe-handles,  baskets,  etc. 

The  sweet  and  edible  nuts  afford  an  important  article  of  commerce. 

243.  Carya  sulcata,  Nutt. 

Big  Shell-bark.    Bottom  Shell-bark. 

Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territor}?-. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  37  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.60  to  1.20  metres  in  diameter;  bottom-lands,  in  low,  rich  soil ;  rare  and 
local ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
flexible  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  large 
open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  dark  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell- 
bark  hickory. 

The  large  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 

244.  Carya  tomentosa,  Nutt. 

Mocker-nut.    Black  Hickory.    Bull  nut.   Big-bud  Hickory.  White- 
heart  Hickory.    King  nut. 

Valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Ontario 
and  Erie  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
south  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  33  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter;  generally  on  rich  hillsides;  less  commonly  on  low,  river  bottom- 
lands ;  very  common  in  the  Gulf  States,  and  the  most  generally  distributed 
species  of  the  genus  in  the  South. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  checking  in 
drying,  flexible,  containing  few  large  regularly  distributed  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  obscure ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  the  thick 
sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  shell- 
bark  hickory. 


Carya. 


JUGLANDACEiE. 


79 


245.  Carya  porcina,  Nutt. 

Pig-nut.    Brown  Hickory.    Black  Hickory.     Switch-bud  Hickory. 
Southern  Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan  and  Minne- 
sota to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  south 
to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Pease  Creek,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces 
River,  Texas. 

A  tree  24  to  40  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  metres  in 
diameter  ;  dry  hills  and  uplands  ;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  flexible,  close-grained,  check- 
ing in  drying,  containing  many  large  open  ducts  ;  color  dark  or  light  brown, 
the  thick  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white ;  used  for  the  same  purposes 
as  that  of  the  shell-bark  hickory. 

246.  Carya  amara,  Nutt. 
Bitter-nut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

Southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  west 
through  Ontario,  central  Michigan  and  Minnesota  to  eastern  Nebraska, 
eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  south  to  western  Florida  and 
the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  low  ground,  or  often  on  dry, 
rich  uplands. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  checking  in  dry- 
ing ;  layers  of  annual  growTth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  dark  brown,  the  thick 
sap-wood  light  brown,  or  often  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for  hoops, 
ox-yokes,  etc. 

247.  Carya  myristicaeformis,  Nutt. 

Nutmeg  Hickory. 

South  Carolina,  near  the  coast;  Arkansas,  from  the  Arkansas  River 
to  the  Red  River  Valley. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  sandy  ridges,  borders  of  streams  and  swamps  ;  rare  and  very 
local  in  South  Carolina ;  more  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  con- 
taining numerous  small  open  ducts ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  or  two  rows  of  larger  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  not 
conspicuous ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

248.  Carya  aquatica,  Nutt. 

Water  Hickory.    Swamp  Hickory.    Bitter  Pecan. 
North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Malabar  and  the  Caloosa 
River,  Florida  (in  Florida  not  detected  within  8  to  10  miles  of  the  coast), 


80 


MYRICACEiE.  —  CUPULIFER^E. 


Myrica. 


through  the  Gulf  States  to  western  Louisiana,  northeastern  Arkansas,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  21  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  generally  much  smaller ;  low  river  swamps  ;  most  common 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  and  Yazoo  Rivers. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
containing  few  scattered  open  ducts  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  less  clearly 
marked  than  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin  ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  light,  often  nearly  white ;  used  for 
fencing,  fuel,  etc. 

MYRICACE^E. 

249.  Myrica  cerifera,  L. 

Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 

Shores  of  Lake  Erie ;  coast  of  Maine,  and  south  near  the  coast  to  the 
Florida  keys  and  southern  Alabama. 

A  tree  sometimes  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter,  or,  except  in  the  Southern  States,  a  low  much-branched  shrub  ; 
usually  on  sandy  beaches  and  dry  hillsides,  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment on  the  bottoms  and  rich  hummocks  of  the  Georgia  and  Florida  coasts. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

The  leaves  and  stimulant  and  astringent  bark  of  the  roots  are  some- 
times employed  by  herbalists.  The  wax  which  covers  the  small  globular 
fruit  was  formerly  largely  collected  and  made  into  candles,  and  now, 
under  the  name  of  myrtle  wax,  is  a  popular  remedy  in  the  treatment  of 
dysentery. 

250.  Myrica  Californica,  Cham. 

Cape  Foulweather,  Oregon,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  Bay  of  Mon- 
terey, California. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  rarely  exceeding  9  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  limits  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  ;  sandy  beaches  and  gravelly  hillsides. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  rose,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter. 

CUPULIFER^E. 

251.  Quercus  alba,  L. 

White  Oak. 

Northern  Maine,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River,  Ontario,  lower 
peninsula  of  Michigan  to  southeastern  Minnesota,  south  to  the  Saint 


Qucrcus. 


CUPULIFERJE. 


81 


John's  River  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  west  to  western  Missouri,  western 
Arkansas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40 
metres  in  diameter  ;  all  soils  ;  very  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River  and  its  tributaries,  where  it  often  forms 
a  large  portion  of  the  forest  growth. 

Wood  strong,  very  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  liable  to  check 
unless  carefully  seasoned,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  an- 
nual growth  strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts ; 
medullary  rays  broad,  prominent;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter 
brown  ;  largely  used  in  ship-building,  construction  of  all  sorts,  cooperage, 
in  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricultural  implements,  and  baskets,  and 
for  railway-ties,  fencing,  interior  finish,  cabinet-making,  fuel,  etc. 

252.  Quercus  lobata,  Nee. 
White  Oak.     Weeping  Oak. 

California  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  from  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Sacramento  River,  south  through  the  foot-hills  and  interior  valleys  to  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

The  largest  of  the  Pacific  oaks,  often  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.90  to  2.40  metres  in  diameter  ;  very  common  through  the  central  part 
of  the  State. 

Wood  moderately  hard,  fine-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  a  few  large  open  ducts  and  containing  few  smaller  ducts  ar- 
ranged in  lines  parallel  to  the  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays  ;  color 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  considered  of  little  economic  value, 
and  only  used  for  fuel. 

253.  Quercus  Garryana,  Doug. 

White  Oak. 

Vancouver's  Island,  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  south  through  western 
Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  to  San  Francisco  Bay  ;  in  Washington 
and  Oregon  extending  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

A  tree  21  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  dry,  gravelly  soil ; 
common. 

Wood  strong,  hard,  that  of  the  young  trees  tough,  close-grained,  com- 
pact ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  open  ducts  ; 
medullary  rays,  varying  greatly  in  width,  often  conspicuous  ;  color  light 
brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often  nearly  white  ;  somewhat  used 
for  carriage  and  cooperage  stock,  in  cabinet-making,  ship-building,  and  very 
largely  for  fuel ;  the  best  substitute  for  Eastern  white  oak  produced  in  the 
Pacific  forests. 

6 


82 


CUPULIFERiE. 


Quercus. 


254.  Quercus  obtusiloba,  Michx. 

Post  Oak.    Iron  Oak. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts,  south  to  northern  Florida,  west 
through  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern 
Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  reaching  the  one  hundredth  meridian 
in  central  Texas. 

A  tree  rarely  exceeding  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter,  or  on  the  Florida  coast  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (var. 
parvifolia,  Chapm.)  ;  dry,  gravelly  uplands,  clay  barrens,  or  in  the  South- 
west on  Cretaceous  formations ;  the  most  common  and  widely  distributed 
oak  of  the  Gulf  States  west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  checking  badly  in  drying, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
one  to  three  rows  of  not  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous  ;  color  dark  or  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely 
used,  especially  in  the  Southwest,  for  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  fuel,  and 
somewhat  for  carriage  stock,  cooperage,  construction,  etc. 

255.  Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii,  Engelm. 

Scrub  Oak. 

Mountain  region  of  western  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Santa 
Catalina  and  San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona,  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  north  to  the  valley  of  the  Platte  River, 
and  on  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  1-5  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60 
metre  in  diameter,  or  often  a  low  shrub  spreading  from  underground  shoots 
and  forming  dense  thickets,  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  high 
mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  ;  the  large  specimens 
generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  that  of  young  trees  quite  tough,  close- 
grained,  checking  badly  in  drying  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
few  not  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color 
rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  for  fuel ;  and  in  Utah 
the  bark  in  tanning. 

The  typical  Q.  undulata,  Torr.,  of  the  central  Rocky  Mountain  region 
does  not  attain  arborescent  size  and  habit. 

256.  Quercus  macrocarpa,  Michx. 

Bur  Oak.  Mossy-cup  Oak.  Over-cup  Oak. 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  to  Lake 
Winnipeg,  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot  River,  Maine,  and  along 
the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  valley  of  the  Ware  River,  Massa- 
chusetts, to  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  west  to  the  eastern  foot-hills 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana,  central  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  south- 
west to  the  Indian  Territory  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas. 


Quercus. 


CUPULTFER.E. 


83 


A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  24  to  50  metres  in  height,  with 
a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  metres  in  diameter  ;  rich  bottoms  and  prairies  ;  in  the 
prairie  region  the  principal  growth  of  the  "  oak  openings,"  and  extending 
farther  west  and  northwest  than  any  oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  more  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil  than  that  of  other  American  oaks ;  layers  of  an- 
nual growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  small  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  often  broad  and  conspicuous  ;  color  dark  or  rich  light  brown,  the  sap- 
wood  much  lighter ;  generally  confounded  with  white  oak  (  Q.  alba),  and 
employed  for  the  same  purposes. 

257.  Quercus  lyrata,  Walt. 

Over-cup  Oak.    Swamp  Post  Oak.     Water  White  Oak. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  western  Florida,  west  through 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  middle  Ten- 
nessee, southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  deep,  often  submerged  river-swamps ;  rare  in  the  Atlantic 
States  ;  more  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River,  in  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
ground,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  broad,  numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  rich  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood 
much  lighter ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  (  Q. 
alba) . 

258.  Quercus  bicolor,  Willd. 
Swamp  White  Oak. 

Southern  Maine,  valley  of  the  upper  Saint  Lawrence  River,  Ontario, 
southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to  southeastern  Iowa  and  western  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia,  northern  Kentucky,  and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3  metres 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  deep  alluvial  soil ;  com- 
mon and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  south  of  the 
great  lakes. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in 
seasoning ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  to  three  rows  of  large 
open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of 
the  white  oak  (Q.  alba). 


84 


CUPULIFER^E. 


Quercus. 


259.  Quercus  Michauxii,  Nutt. 

Basket  Oak.     Cow  Oak. 

Delaware,  south  through  the  lower  and  middle  districts  to  northern 
Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas, 
and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  and  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  metres  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  deep,  often  submerged  swamps ;  the 
common  and  most  valuable  white  oak  of  the  Gulf  States,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  southeastern  Arkansas 
and  Louisiana. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  compact,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  easily  split ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
marked  by  few  rather  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicu- 
ous ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  darker  ;  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  wheel-stock,  baskets,  for  which  it  is 
unsurpassed,  for  cooperage,  fencing,  construction,  and  fuel. 

The  large  sweet  edible  acorns  are  eagerly  devoured  by  cattle  and  other 
animals. 

260.  Quercus  Prinus,  L. 

Chestnut  Oak.    Bock  Chestnut  Oak. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  west  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  shores 
of  Quinte  Bay,  Ontario,  and  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  River,  New  York, 
south  to  Delaware,  and  through  the  Alleghany  Mountain  region  to  north- 
ern Alabama,  extending  west  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter  ;  rocky  banks  and  hillsides  ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  great- 
est development  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region,  here  often  forming  a 
large  proportion  of  the  forest  growth. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check 
in  drying,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  containing  few  open  ducts  ; 
medullary  rays  very  broad,  conspicuous ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter  ;  largely  used  in  fencing,  for  railway-ties,  etc. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  largely  used  in  preference  to  that  of  the 
other  white  oaks  in  tanning  leather. 

261.  Quercus  prinoides,  Willd. 

Yellow  Oak.     Chestnut  Oak.     C/iinquapin  Oak. 

Eastern  Massachusetts,  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  west  along  the 
northern  shores  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  through  southern  Michigan 
to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory  ;  south  to 
Delaware  and  through  the  Alleghany  region  to  northern  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  extending  southwest  to  the  Guadalupe  Mountains,  Texas. 


Quercus. 


CUPULIFER^. 


85 


A  tree  24  to  39  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  (Q.  Muhlenbergii) ,  or  often,  especially  toward  the  eastern  and 
western  limits  of  its  range,  reduced  to  a  low,  slender  shrub  (  Q.  prinoides  ; 
Q.  Prinus,  var.  humilis,  Marsh.  ;  Q.  Prinus,  var.  Chincapin,  Michx.  f.)  ; 
dry  hillsides  and  low,  rich  bottoms ;  rare,  except  as  a  shrub,  east  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  ;  very  common  in  the  Mississippi  River  basin,  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  dry- 
ing, very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked 
by  rows  of  small  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color 
dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter ;  used  for  cooperage,  wheel-stock, 
fencing,  railway-ties,  etc. 

The  small  acorns  sweet  and  edible. 

262.  Quercus  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Mountain  White  Oak.    Blue  Oak. 

California, — from  about  latitude  39°,  south  along  the  western  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  below  4,000  feet  elevation,  and  through  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter  ;  common  on  the  low  foot-hills  of  the  Sierras. 

Wood  very  hard,  heavy,  strong,  brittle,  inclined  to  check  in  drying  ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  small  open  ducts,  and 
containing  many  scattered  groups  of  smaller  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, varying  greatly  in  width  ;  color  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly 
black  with  exposure,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  brown. 

263.  Quercus  oblongifolia,  Torr. 
White  Oak. 

California,  —  foot-hills  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mountains  to  San  Diego 
County  ;  foot-hills  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to 
0.60  metre  in  diameter  ;  the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  checking 
badly  in  drying  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  hardly  distinguishable,  contain- 
ing few  small  open  ducts  arranged  in  many  groups  parallel  to  the  broad 
and  very  conspicuous  medullary  rays  ;  color  very  dark  brown  or  almost 
black,  the  thick  sap-wood  brown  ;  of  little  economic  value  except  as  fuel. 

264.  Quercus  grisea,  Liebm. 
White  Oak. 

Southern  Colorado,  mountains  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  between  5,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation,  west  to  the  Colorado 
desert  of  California ;  in  northern  Mexico. 


86 


CUPULIFER2E. 


Quercus. 


A  tree  15  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
metre  in  diameter,  or  reduced  to  a  low,  much-branched  shrub  ;  a  poly- 
morphous species,  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  in  the  shape  and  texture 
of  the  leaves,  but  apparently  well  characterized  by  its  connate  cotyledons ; 
the  large  specimens  generally  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  dry- 
ing ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  one  or  two  rows  of  small  open 
ducts,  these  connected  by  rows  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  numerous 
conspicuous  medullary  rays  ;  color  very  dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood 
much  lighter. 

265.  Quercus  reticulata,  Humb.  &  Bonp. 

Southeastern  Arizona,  —  San  Francisco,  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains 
between  7,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes. 

Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying,  con- 
taining many  small  scattered  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very 
broad ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

266.  Quercus  Durandii,  Buckley. 

Central  Alabama  ;  western  and  southern  Texas. 

A  tree  21  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter  ;  rich  bottom-lands,  or  dry  slopes  and  limestone  hills,  then  re- 
duced to  a  low  shrub  forming  dense,  impenetrable  thickets  of  great 
extent  (  Q.  San-Sabeana)  ;  very  rare  and  local  in  Alabama  ;  the  common 
and  most  valuable  white  oak  of  western  Texas. 

Wood  very  heavy  and  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  inclined  to 
check  in  drying  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  few  large  open 
ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood 
lighter ;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  white  oak  (Q.  alba). 

267.  Quercus  virens,  Ait. 

Live  Oak. 

Southern  Virginia,  south  along  the  coast  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape 
Romano,  Florida,  along  the  Gulf  Coast  to  Mexico,  extending  through 
western  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River,  the  Apache  and  Guadalupe 
Mountains,  and  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  here  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation  ;  in  Costa  Rica. 

An  evergreen  tree,  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to 
2.10  metres  in  diameter,  or  in  the  interior  of  Texas  much  smaller  and 
often  shrubby  ;  on  the  coast,  on  rich  hummocks  and  ridges,  a  few  feet 
above  water-level ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
south  Atlantic  States. 


Que  reus. 


CUPULIFER^. 


87 


Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
difficult  to  work,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
obscure,  often  hardly  distinguishable,  containing  many  small  open  ducts 
arranged  in  short  broken  rows  parallel  to  the  broad  conspicuous  medullary 
rays  ;  color  light  brown  or  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  formerly 
very  largely  and  now  occasionally  used  in  ship-building. 

268.  Quercus  chrysolepis,  Liebm. 

Live  Oak.  Maul  Oak.  Valparaiso  Oak. 
Southwestern  Oregon,  south  through  the  California  Coast  Ranges 
and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains  between  3,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  and  south  into  Lower 
California ;  southeastern  Arizona,  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Catalina 
Mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  18  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
1.50  metres  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  narrow- 
leaved  shrub  (var.  vaccinifolia,  Engelm.). 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  compact, 
difficult  to  work,  containing  many  rather  small  open  ducts  arranged  in 
wide  bands  parallel  to  the  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays  ;  color  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  darker  ;  somewhat  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agri- 
cultural implements,  wagons,  etc. ;  the  most  valuable  oak  of  the  Pacific 
forests. 

269.  Quercus  Emoryi,  Torr. 
Black  Oak. 

Western  Texas,  and  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  New 
Mexico  and  eastern  and  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in  Texas  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ; 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico  and  southern  Arizona  near  streams  in  open  canons  between  5,000 
and  7,000  feet  elevation  ;  dry,  gravelly  soil,  the  large  specimens  hollow 
and  defective. 

Wood  very  heavy,  not  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  small  open  ducts, 
these  connected  by  narrow  groups  of  similar  ducts  parallel  to  the  broad 
conspicuous  medullary  rays  ;  color  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  the  thick 
sap-wood  bright  brown  tinged  with  red. 

270.  Quercus  agrifolia,  Nee. 

Coast  Live  Oak.  Enceno. 

California,  —  Mendocino  County,  south  through  the  valleys  of  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  Lower  California. 


88 


CUPULIFER.E. 


Quercus. 


A  large  evergreen  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20 
to  2.10  metres  in  diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  (var  frutes- 
cens,  Engelm.)  ;  rare  at  the  North ;  common  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay, 
and  the  largest  and  most  generally  distributed  oak  in  the  extreme  south- 
western part  of  the  State  ;  dry  slopes  and  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  hardly  distinguishable,  containing  many  large  open  ducts 
arranged  in  several  rows  parallel  to  the  broad  conspicuous  medullary 
rays  ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  darker  brown ;  of  little 
value  except  as  fuel. 

271.  Quercus  Wislizeni,  A.  DC. 

Live  Oak. 

California,  —  Mount  Shasta  region,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Tulare  County,  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges  south  to 
the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains. 

An  evergreen  tree,  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to 
1.80  metres  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northeastern  limits  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub  (var.  frutesce?is,  Engelm.)  ;  not  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  containing 
numerous  large  open  ducts  arranged  in  irregular  bands  parallel  to  the 
broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  lighter. 

272.  Quercus  rubra,  L. 

Red  Oak.    Black  Oak. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick  to  eastern  Minnesota,  western 
Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory ;  south  to  northern  Florida, 
southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  Limpia  Mountains,  western 
Texas. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10 
metres  in  diameter  ;  very  common  in  all  soils  and  extending  farther  north 
than  any  other  Atlantic  oak.  The  form  of  western  Texas,  with  smaller 
acorns  and  deeper  cups,  and  more  deeply  divided  leaves,  the  wood  heavier, 
harder,  and  more  compact,  is  var.  Texana,  Buckley. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  in  drying  ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  very  large  open 
ducts  ;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap- 
wood  somewhat  darker  ;  now  largely  used  for  clapboards,  cooperage,  and 
somewhat  for  interior  finish,  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  etc. 

273.  Quercus  coccinea,  Wang. 
Scarlet  Oak. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  New  York,  Ontario,  northern  Michigan 
and  Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa  and  northeastern  Missouri,  south  to  Delaware 


Quercus. 


CUPULTFERiE. 


89 


and  southern  Tennessee,  and  through  the  Alleghany  region  to  northern 
Florida. 

A  tree  30  to  54  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
to  1.20  metres  in  diameter;  at  the  East,  in  dry,  sandy  soil  or,  less  com- 
monly, in  rich,  deep  loam  ;  in  the  Northwest,  with  Q.  macrocarpa,  form- 
ing the  oak-opening  growth ;  not  common,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained  ;  layers  of  annual  growth 
strongly  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays 
thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  rather  darker  ; 
if  used  at  all,  confounded  with  that  of  Q.  rubra. 

274.  Quercus  tinctoria,  Bartram. 

Black  Oak.     Yellow-bark  Oak.     Quercitron  Oak.    Yellow  Oak. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  Vermont,  Ontario  and  southern  Minne- 
sota, eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  south 
to  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  36  to  48  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80 
metres  in  diameter  ;  generally  on  dry  or  gravelly  uplands  ;  very  common. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  not  tough,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check 
in  drying  ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  very  large 
open  ducts  ;  color  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  much 
lighter  ;  somewhat  used  in  cooperage  and  for  construction,  etc. 

The  bark  largely  used  in  tanning  ;  the  intensely  bitter  inner  bark 
yields  a  valuable  yellow  dye,  and  is  occasionally  used  medicinally  in  the 
form  of  decoctions,  etc.,  in  the  treatment  of  hemorrhage. 

275.  Quercus  Kelloggii,  Newberry. 
Black  Oak. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast 
Ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  San 
Bernardino  Mountains  to  the  southern  borders  of  California. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  shrub  ;  the  most 
common  and  important  oak  of  the  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon  and  the 
California  Sierras. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers 
of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  few,  broad,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter ; 
of  little  value,  except  as  fuel ;  the  bark  somewhat  used  in  tanning. 

276.  Quercus  nigra,  L. 

Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 

Long  Island,  New  York,  west  through  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana 
to  southern  Wisconsin,  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern 


90 


CUPULIFERiE. 


Quercus. 


Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  south  to  Matanzas  Inlet  and  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  or  even  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
rarely  exceeding  0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  much  smaller; 
dry,  barren  uplands,  or  often  on  heavy  clay  soils ;  very  common  through 
the  Southern  States,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  southwestern 
Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas,  forming,  with  the  post 
oak  (  Q.  obtusiloba),  the  growth  of  the  Texas  cross-timbers. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts;  medullary  rays 
broad,  conspicuous  ;  color  rather  dark  rich  brown,  the  sap-wood  much 
lighter ;  of  little  value  except  as  fuel. 

277.  Quercus  falcata,  Michx. 

Spanish  Oak.    Red  Oak. 

Long  Island,  New  York,  south  to  middle  Florida,  through  the  Gulf 
States  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas 
and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80 
metres  in  diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly  uplands  and  barrens  ;  in  the  North 
Atlantic  States  only  near  the  coast,  rare ;  most  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  where,  in  the 
middle  districts,  it  is  the  most  common  forest  tree. 

Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  not  durable,  coarse-grained,  check- 
ing badly  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  strongly  marked  by  several 
rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous ;  color  light 
red,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  somewhat  used  for  cooperage,  construction,  etc., 
and  very  largely  for  fuel. 

The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin. 

278.  Quercus  Catesbaei,  Michx. 

Turkey  Oak.    Scrub  Oak.    Forked-leaf  Black  Jack.    Black  Jack. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Pease  Creek, 
Florida,  and  along  the  coast  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

A  small  tree,  7  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  very  common  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  States 
upon  barren  sandy  hills  and  ridges  of  the  maritime  pine-belt ;  rare  in 
Mississippi. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts,  and  containing  many 
much  smaller  ducts  arranged  in  short  lines  parallel  to  the  broad  conspic- 
uous medullary  rays ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  lighter;  largely  used  for  fuel. 


Quei'cus. 


CUPULIFERiE. 


91 


279.  Quercus  pahistris,  Du  Roi. 

Pin  Oak.    Swamp  Spanish  Oak.     Water  Oak. 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River,  Massachusetts,  to  central  New  York, 
south  to  Delaware  and  the  District  of  Columbia  ;  southern  Wisconsin  to 
eastern  Kansas,  southern  Arkansas,  and  southeastern  Tennessee. 

A  tree  24  to  30  or,  exceptionally,  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
0.90  to  1.50  metres  in  diameter;  low,  rich  soil,  generally  along  the 
borders  of  streams  and  swamps ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check  badly 
in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open 
ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown, 
the  sap-wood  rather  darker;  somewhat  used  for  shingles,  clanboards, 
construction,  and  in  cooperage. 

280.  Quercus  aquatica,  Walt. 

Water  Oak.    Buck  Oak.    Possum  Oak.    Punk  Oak. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to 
Cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida ;  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the 
valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  south- 
eastern Missouri,  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  15  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  generally  along  streams  and  bottoms,  in  heavy,  undrained  soil, 
or,  more  rarely,  upon  uplands  ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  near  the  larger  streams  of  the  maritime  pine-belt  in  the 
eastern  Gulf  States. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  thin, 
conspicuous  ;  color  rather  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  probably 
not  used  except  as  fuel. 

281.  Quercus  laurifolia,  Michx. 

Laurel  Oak. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Cape 
Romano,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  shores  of  Mobile 
Bay. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
on  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  Florida  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  coarse-grained,  inclined  to  check 
in  drying;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  rather 
small  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color  dark  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 


92 


CUPULIFERJ2. 


Quercus. 


282.  Quercus  heterophylla,  Michx.  f. 

Bartram's  Oak. 

Salem  and  Cumberland  Counties,  New  Jersey  ;  North  Carolina  (M.  A. 
Curtis)  ;  and  doubtfully  from  North  Carolina  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  rare  and  very  local,  and  often  considered  a  natural  hybrid. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  somewhat  darker. 

283.  Quercus  cinerea,  Michx. 

Upland  Willow  Oak.    Blue  Jack.    Sand  Jack. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Pease  Creek, 
Florida,  west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River, 
Texas,  extending  north  through  eastern  Texas  to  about  latitude  33°. 

A  tree  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.20 
metre  in  diameter ;  sandy  barrens  and  dry  upland  ridges. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  not  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays 
distant,  thin,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
darker. 

284.  Quercus  hypoleuca,  Engelm. 

Limpia  Mountains,  Texas,  valleys  of  the  high  mountain  ranges  of 
southwestern  New  Mexico,  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  above  6,000 
feet  elevation ;  in  Sonora. 

A  small  evergreen  tree,  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 0.75  metre  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  summits,  the  large 
specimens  hollow  and  defective. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  few  small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  broad, 
conspicuous ;  color  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter. 

285.  Quercus  imbricaria,  Michx. 

Shingle  Oak.    Laurel  Oak. 

Eastern  Pennsylvania,  west  through  southern  Michigan,  southern  Wis- 
consin, and  southeastern  Iowa  to  southeastern  Nebraska  and  northeast- 
ern Kansas,  south  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  middle  Tennessee, 
and  northern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  woodlands. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying  ; 
layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ; 


Castanopsis. 


CUPULIFERiE. 


93 


medullary  rays  broad,  conspicuous ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter  ;  occasionally  used  for  clapboards,  shingles,  etc. 

286.  Quercns  Phellos,  L. 

.  Willow  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 
Staten  Island,  New  York,  south  near  the  coast  to  northeastern  Florida, 
through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas,  and 
through  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  southern 
Kentucky. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.90  metre 
in  diameter ;  bottom-lands  or  rich  sandy  uplands. 

Wood  heavy,  strong,  not  hard,  rather  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  several  rows  of  small  open  ducts;  medullary 
rays  few,  distant ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  lighter 
red ;  somewhat  used  for  fellies  of  wheels,  clapboards,  in  construction,  etc. 

287.  Querelas  densinora,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Tan-bark  Oak.     Chestnut  Oak.    Peach  Oak. 

Southwestern  Oregon,  south  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to  the  Santa 
Lucia  Mountains,  California. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  valleys  and  banks  of  streams ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  the  redwood  forests  of  the  California  coast. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  containing 
broad  bands  of  small  open  ducts  parallel  to  the  thin  dark  conspicuous 
medullary  rays ;  color  bright  reddish-brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  darker 
brown  ;  largely  used  as  fuel. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  very  largely  used,  and  preferred  to  that  of 
any  other  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests,  for  tanning. 

288.  Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  A.  DC. 

Chinquapin. 

Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  below  4,000  feet  elevation,  south  along 
the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierras,  and  through  the  California  Coast  Ranges 
to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

A  tree  15  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  and  toward  its  southern  limits  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub  ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the 
Coast  Range  valleys  of  northern  California ;  at  its  southern  limits  rarely 
below  10,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  layers  of  annual 
growth  marked  by  a  single  row  of  rather  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap- 
wood  lighter ;  in  southern  Oregon  occasionally  used  iu  the  manufacture 
of  ploughs  and  other  agricultural  implements. 


94 


CUPULIFER^l. 


Castanea. 


289.  Castanea  pumila,  Mill. 

Chinquapin. 

Southern  Pennsylvania,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River, 
Indiana,  south  and  southwest  to  northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the 
Neches  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  1.05  metres 
in  diameter,  or  often,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  States,  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub  ;  rich  hillsides  and  borders  of  swamps  ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the 
ground,  liable  to  check  in  drying ;  layers  of  annual  growth  marked  by 
many  rows  of  large  open  ducts  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color 
dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  used  for  posts,  rails, 
railway-ties,  etc. 

The  small  nuts  sweet  and  edible. 

290.  Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana,  A.  DC. 

Chestnut. 

Southern  Maine  to  northern  Vermont,  southern  Ontario  and  southern 
Michigan,  south  through  the  northern  States  to  Delaware  and  south- 
ern Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Alabama, 
extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  metres 
in  diameter  ;  rich  woods  and  hillsides ;  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  and  warp 
in  drying,  easily  split,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  layers  of 
annual  growth  marked  by  many  rows  of  large  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter ;  largely  used  in 
cabinet-making,  for  railway-ties,  posts,  fencing,  etc. 

The  fruit  sweet  and  edible. 

291.  Fagus  femiginea,  Ait. 

Beech. 

Nova  Scotia  and  the  valley  of  the  Restigouche  River  to  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  northern  Wisconsin,  south  to  western  Florida, 
west  to  eastern  Illinois,  southeastern  Missouri,  northeastern  Arkansas,  and 
the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  34  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  rich  woods,  or  at  the  South  sometimes  on  bottom-lands 
or  borders  of  swamps  ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  upon  the  "  bluff" 
formations  of  the  lower  Mississippi  basin ;  very  common. 

Wood  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  not  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  inclined  to  check  in  drying,  difficult  to  season, 


Betula. 


BETULACE.E. 


95 


susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  broad,  very  conspicuous ; 
color,  varying  greatly  with  soil  and  situation,  dark  or  often  very  light 
red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs, 
shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks,  handles,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 

292.  Ostrya  Virginica,  Willd. 

Hop  Hornbeam.    Iron-wood.  Lever-wood. 

Bay  of  Chaleur,  through  the  valleys  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  and  lower 
Ottawa  Rivers,  northern  shore  of  Lake  Huron  to  northern  Minnesota, 
south  through  the  Northern  States  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  western  Florida,  and  through  eastern  Iowa,  southeastern  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas,  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  generally  on  dry,  gravelly  hillsides  and  knolls ;  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  southern  Arkansas ;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  or, 
like  the  sap-wood,  often  nearly  white ;  used  for  posts,  levers,  handles  of 
tools,  etc. 

293.  Carpiims  Caroliniana,  Walt. 

Hornbeam.    Blue  Beech.     Water  Beech.  Iron-wood. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick,  northern  shores  of  Georgian 
Bay,  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to  northern  Minnesota,  south  to 
Cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity 
River,  Texas,  west  to  central  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Poteau  River,  Indian  Territory. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  to 
0.90  metre  in  diameter,  or  at  the  North  much  smaller  and  often  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub  ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  moist  soil ;  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slopes 
of  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  and  in  southern  Arkansas  and 
eastern  Texas. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  inclined  to  check  in 
drying ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  broad  ;  color  light  brown,  the  thick  sap- 
wood  nearly  white ;  sometimes  used  for  levers,  handles  of  tools,  etc. 

BETULACE^E. 

294.  Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia,  Spach. 

White  Birch.     Old-field  Birch.     Gray  Birch. 

New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Saint  Lawrence  River  to 
the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  south,  generally  near  the  coast, 
to  northern  Delaware. 


96 


BETULACE^. 


Betula. 


A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly,  barren  soil,  or  borders  of  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  liable  to  check  in  drying, 
not  durable ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe- 
pegs,  wood-pulp,  etc.,  for  hoop-poles  and  fuel. 

The  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  those  of  B.  papyrifera  and  B.  lenta, 
are  popularly  esteemed  as  a  remedy  for  various  chronic  diseases  of  the 
skin,  bladder,  etc.,  and  in  rheumatic  and  gouty  complaints  ;  the  empyreu- 
matic  oil  of  birch  obtained  from  the  inner  bark  by  distillation  is  used 
externally  and  internally  for  the  same  purposes. 

295.  Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh. 

Canoe  Birch.     White  Birch.    Paper  Birch. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of 
Hudson  Bay,  and  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear  Lake  and  the  valley  of 
the  Yukon  River,  Alaska,  south,  in  the  Atlantic  region  to  Long  Island, 
New  York,  the  mountains  of  northern  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan, 
northeastern  Illinois  and  central  Minnesota ;  in  the  Pacific  region  south 
to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  the  Bitter-root  Mountains  and  Flathead 
Lake,  Montana,  northern  Washington,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser 
River,  British  Columbia. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  woodlands  and  banks  of  streams ;  very  common  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  region,  and  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  deciduous 
tree  of  the  American  forest. 

Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe  lasts  and  pegs,  in 
turnery,  for  fuel,  wood-pulp,  etc. 

The  very  tough,  durable  bark,  easily  separated  into  thin  layers,  is 
impervious  to  water,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  canoes, 
tents,  etc. 

■ 

296.  Betula  occidentalis,  Hook. 

Black  Birch. 

British  Columbia,  south  to  northern  California,  and  through  the 
interior  ranges  and  Rocky  Mountains  to  Montana,  Utah,  and  northern 
New  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  to 
0.45  metre  in  diameter ;  mountain  canons  and  borders  of  streams,  in  moist 
soil,  often  throwing  up  several  stems  from  the  ground  and  forming  dense 
thickets. 


Be  tula. 


BETULACE,3E. 


97 


Wood  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter;  somewhat 
used  for  fencing,  fuel,  etc. 

297.  Betula  lutea,  Michx.  f. 
Yellow  Birch.     Gray  Birch. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  the 
western  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  Rainy  Lake,  south  through  the  north- 
ern States  to  Delaware  and  southern  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

The  largest  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  deciduous  trees  of  the  north- 
ern Atlantic  forests,  often  21  to  29  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to 
1.20  metres  in  diameter  ;  rich  woodlands  ;  common. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  heavier  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely 
used  for  fuel,  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  button  and  tassel  moulds, 
pill  and  match  boxes,  and  for  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

298.  Betula  nigra,  L. 

Bed  Birch.    Biver  Birch. 

Banks  of  the  Merrimac  and  Spicket  Rivers,  Massachusetts,  Long 
Island,  New  York,  south  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  western 
Florida,  west  to  western  Iowa,  northwestern  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas, 
the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.75 
metre  in  diameter ;  banks  of  streams  and  ponds ;  very  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  much  lighter  ;  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  furniture,  wooden-ware,  wooden  shoes,  ox-yokes,  etc. 

299.  Betula  lenta,  L. 

Cherry  Birch.    Black  Birch.    Sweet  Birch.    Mahogany  Birch. 

Newfoundland  and  the  valley  of  the  Saguenay  River,  west  through 
Ontario  to  the  islands  of  Lake  Huron,  south  to  northern  Delaware  and 
southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  western  Florida, 
extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  metres  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods  ;  very  common  in  all  northern  forests. 

Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  light  brown  or  yellow ; 
now  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  fuel ;  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  largely  in  ship-building. 

7 


98 


BETULACE.E. 


Alnvs. 


300.  Alnus  maritima,  Muhl. 

Seaside  Alder. 

Southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Maryland,  near  the  coast ;  valley 
of  the  Red  River,  Indian  Territory,  in  about  longitude  96°  30'  W. ; 
Manchuria  and  Japan  (A.  maritima,  Japonica,  and  arguta,  Regel). 

A  small  tree,  6  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying;  medullary 
rays  broad,  conspicuous;  color  light  bright  brown,  the  sap-wood  hardly 
distinguishable,  somewhat  lighter. 

301.  Alnus  rubra,  Bong. 
Alder. 

Sitka,  south  through  the  islands  and  Coast  Ranges  of  British  Columbia, 
western  Washington,  Oregon,  and  California  to  Santa  Barbara,  extending 
east  through  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon  to  northern 
Montana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter,  or  in  British  Columbia  and  the  Blue  Mountains  often 
reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  bottom-lands  and  borders  of  streams ;  most 
common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Washington 
and  Oregon. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily 
worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish ;  medullary  rays  distant, 
broad ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ; 
largely  used  in  Oregon  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 

302.  Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nutt. 

Alder. 

Valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  south  through  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  southern  California,  extending  east  along  the  ranges  of 
Washington  to  Clear  Creek,  Idaho,  and  the  valley  of  the  Flathead  River, 
Montana. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  to  0.90 
metre  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  northern  and  eastern  limits  reduced  to  a 
shrub ;  borders  of  streams ;  the  common  alder  of  the  California  valleys. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often 
nearly  white. 

303.  Alnus  oblongifolia,  Torr. 

Alder. 

San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains,  California,  through  the 
ranges  of  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Rio  Grande  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 


Salix. 


SALICACE.E. 


99 


A  tree  15  to  21  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams  in  deep  mountain  canons. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the 
sap-wood  nearly  white. 

304.  Alnus  sermlata,  Willd. 

Black  Alder.    Smooth  Alder. 

Massachusetts,  west  to  southern  Missouri,  south  to  northern  Florida 
and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  branching  shrub  forming  dense  thickets ; 
borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  probably  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  southern  Arkansas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter. 

A  decoction  of  the  bark  and  leaves,  as  well  as  those  of  A.  incana,  is  a 
popular  remedy  against  impurity  of  the  blood  and  in  the  treatment  of 
diarrhoea,  hematuria,  etc. 

305.  Alnus  incana,  Willd. 

Speckled  Alder.    Hoary  Alder.    Black  Alder. 

Newfoundland  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to 
northern  New  England,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  eastern  Nebraska ;  in 
Europe. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.10  to  0.15  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  branching  shrub ;  borders  of  streams 
and  swamps.  A  form  with  leaves  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides  or 
slightly  pubescent,  extending  through  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific 
region  from  the  Saskatchewan  and  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico  and 
the  southern  Sierra  Nevadas  of  California,  is  var.  virescens,  Watson. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  broad ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  pre- 
ferred and  largely  used  in  northern  New  England  in  the  final  baking  of 
bricks,  and  occasionally,  as  well  as  that  of  A.  serrulata,  in  the  manufacture 
of  gunpowder. 

SALICACEJE. 

306.  Salix  nigra,  Marsh. 
Black  Willow. 

Southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Superior  southward  through  the  Atlantic  region  to  Bay  Biscayne  and  the 
Caloosa  River,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas ; 


100 


SALICACEiE. 


Salix. 


Pacific  region,  —  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  River,  California,  and  the 
Colorado  River,  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  southern  Florida  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ; 
banks  of  streams  ;  most  common  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Colorado 
and  other  rivers  of  eastern  Texas ;  varying  greatly  in  the  size  and  shape 
of  the  leaves  (vars.  angustifolia,  longifolia,  latifolia,  etc.,  Anders.),  length 
and  habit  of  the  aments,  etc.  (vars.  marginata  and  Wrightii,  Anders.,  var. 
Wardii,  Bebb). 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  checking  badly  in  drying ;  med- 
ullary rays  obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

The  tonic  and  astringent  bark  is  used  domestically  as  a  popular  febrifuge, 
containing,  in  common  with  all  the  species  of  the  genus,  salicylic  acid,  — 
a  powerful  antipyretic  now  successfully  used  in  the  treatment  of  acute  cases 
of  gout,  rheumatism,  typhoid  fever,  etc. 

307.  Salix  amygdaloides,  Anders. 
Willow. 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes  (New  York  and  Ohio),  west  to  the  valley 
of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  to  southern  New  Mexico ;  banks  of  the  lower  Columbia  River, 
Oregon. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to 
0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  checking  in  drying;  color 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

308.  Salix  laevigata,  Bebb. 
Willow. 

California,  —  Sierra  County  and  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River 
to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State. 

A  tree  sometimes  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  bottom-lands.  Forms  varying  in  the 
shape  of  the  leaves,  length  of  aments,  etc.,  are  vars.  angustifolia  and 
congesta,  Bebb. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  very  thin ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red. 

309.  Salix  lasiandra,  Benth. 

Willow. 

British  Columbia,  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River,  Cali- 
fornia ;  mountains  of  Utah,  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  (var.  Fendleriana). 


Salix. 


SALICACEiE. 


101 


A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  banks  of  streams  ;  very  common ;  varying  in  the  shape  of 
the  leaves  and  character  of  the  aments  (var.  lancifolia  and  Fendleriana, 
Bebb). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter  or 
often  nearly  white. 

310.  Salix  longifolia,  Muhl. 

Sand-bar  Willow. 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River  and  of  the  Potomac  River  at  Wash- 
ington ;  west  and  northwest  through  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  to  the 
valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  in  latitude  66°  N.,  through  the  Mississippi 
basin,  Texas,  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  and  the  Pacific  Coast  States. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  metre  in  diameter;  borders  of  streams  and  river  sand-bars,  in  low, 
wet  sandy  soil,  often  forming  low,  dense  clumps ;  rare  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains  ;  very  common  throughout  the  Mississippi  River  basin, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  valleys  of  Oregon  and 
northern  California. 

Forms  found  from  western  Texas  to  Oregon,  varying  in  the  shape  of 
the  leaves,  aments,  nature  of  pubescence,  etc.,  are  var.  exigua,  Bebb,  and 
var.  argyrophylla,  Anders. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
very  obscure  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  brown. 

311.  Salix  sessilifolia,  Nutt. 

Puget  Sound  southward,  near  the  coast,  and  through  the  California 
Coast  Ranges. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.30  to  0.45  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  low,  wet  ground. 

A  form  with  narrower  entire  leaves,  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  the 
California  Coast  Ranges,  is  var.  Hindsiana,  Anders. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  thin  ;  color 
light  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

312.  Salix  discolor,  Muhl. 

Glaucous  Willow. 

Labrador,  west  to  the  valleys  of  the  Peace  and  Athabasca  Rivers,  south- 
ward through  the  Atlantic  region  to  Delaware  and  southern  Missouri. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  exceeding  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 0.30  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall,  straggling  shrub  3 
to  6  metres  in  height ;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  in  low,  wet  soil ; 
varying  greatly  in  the  form  of  leaves,  aments,  and  nature  of  pubescence. 


102 


SALICACEiE. 


Salix. 


Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  evenly  dis- 
tributed small  open  ducts ;  medullary  rays  and  layers  of  annual  growth  not 
obscure  ;  color  brown  streaked  with  orange,  the  sap-wood  light  brown. 

313.  Salix  flavescens,  Nutt. 

Willow. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Idaho  and  Montana  southward  to  southern  New 
Mexico  ;  on  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely 
0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  the  southern  Rocky  Mountain  region.  A  form  found  from  Alaska 
to  California  upon  dry  hillsides  and  slopes  near  the  coast,  distinguished  by 
its  broadly  obovate  leaves,  larger  size,  heavier  and  harder  wood,  and  dark 
sap-wood,  is  var.  Scouleriana,  Bebb. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white. 

314.  Salix  Hookeriana,  Barratt. 

Grand  Rapids  of  the  Saskatchewan;  coast  of  Washington  Territory 
and  Oregon. 

A  small  tree,  8  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.30  metre 
in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  straggling  shrub  with  many  prostrate 
stems  ;  on  the  coast  generally  along  the  edge  of  beaches,  or  in  low, 
rather  moist,  sandy  soil. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  containing  many  minute  open 
ducts ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

315.  Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita,  Anders. 

Diamond  Willow. 

Valley  of  the  Missouri  River  and  its  tributaries,  —  Fort  Osage,  Mis- 
souri, Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  westward  to  about  the  one  hundred  and  tenth 
meridian. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  low,  straggling  shrub,  not  exceeding 
1.80  to  3  metres  in  height;  bottom-lands,  in  wet,  sandy  soil.  S.  cordata, 
Muhl.,  of  wide  distribution  through  the  Atlantic  region,  rarely,  if  ever, 
attains  arborescent  size  or  hubit. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact,  reported  very  durable  in  con- 
tact with  the  ground  ;  annual  layers  of  growth  clearly  defined  ;  medullary 
rays  very  obscure ;  color  brown  or  often  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white;  used  for  fence-posts. 


Populus. 


SALIC  WEM. 


103 


316.  Salix  lasiolepis,  Benth. 

Willow 

California, — valley  of  the  Klamath  River,  southward  through  the 
western  portions  of  the  State,  reaching  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas  an  eleva- 
tion of  3,500  to  4,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45 
to  0.50  metre  in  diameter,  or  northward  and  at  high  elevations  reduced  to 
a  low  shrub  ;  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape  and  breadth  (vars.  angusti- 
folia  and  latifolia,  Anders.),  or  toward  its  southern  limit  often  persistent 
until  spring  (S.  Hartwegi,  Benth.). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  somewhat 
used  as  fuel,  especially  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

317.  Salix  Sitchensis,  Sans. 
Silky  Willow. 

Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

A  low,  much-branched  tree,  rarely  exceeding  8  metres  in  height,  with 
a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  straggling  shrub  ; 
low,  wet  soil,  borders  of  streams  and  ponds.  A  form  with  narrow  oblan- 
ceolate  leaves  is  var.  cmgustifolia,  Bebb. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
thin ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

318.  Populus  tremuloides,  Michx. 
Aspen.     Quaking  Asp. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hud- 
son Bay,  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear  Lake,  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie 
River,  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska  ;  south  in  the  Atlantic 
region  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
and  northern  Kentucky  ;  in  the  Pacific  region  south  to  the  valley  of  the 
Sacramento  River,  California,  and  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  in- 
terior ranges  to  southern  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  central  Nevada. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.60  metre  in  diameter;  very  common  through  British  America,  and 
spreading  over  enormous  areas  stripped  by  fire  of  other  trees  ;  in  the 
Pacific  region  very  common  upon  moist  mountain  slopes  and  bottoms 
between  6,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation;  the  most  widely  distributed 
North  American  tree. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  not  durable,  con- 
taining, as  does  that  of  the  whole  genus,  numerous  minute  scattered  open 
ducts  ;  medullary  rays  very  thin,  hardly  distinguishable  ;  color  light  brown, 
the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  manufactured  into  wood-pulp  ; 
in  the  Pacific  region  sometimes  used  for  fuel,  flooring,  in  turnery,  etc. 


104 


SALICACEiE. 


Populus. 


A  bitter  principle  in  the  bark  causes  its  occasional  use  as  a  tonic  in 
the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers  and  cases  of  debility. 

319.  Populus  grandidentata,  Michx. 
Poplar. 

Nova  Scotia,' New  Brunswick,  and  west  through  Ontario  to  northern 
Minnesota,  south  through  the  Northern  States  and  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  North  Carolina,  extending  west  to  middle  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

A  tree  21  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.50  to  0.75  metre  in 
diameter ;  rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
thin,  obscure ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely 
manufactured  into  wood-pulp  and  occasionally  used  in  turnery,  for 
wooden-ware,  etc. 

320.  Populus  heterophylla,  L. 

River  Cottonwood.    Sivamp  Cottonwood. 

Connecticut,  Northport,  Long  Island,  south,  generally  near  the  coast, 
to  southern  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  western  Louisiana,  and 
through  Arkansas  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern  Illinois 
and  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  metre  in 
diameter  ;  borders  of  river  swamps  ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  great- 
est development  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays 
thin,  very  obscure  ;  color  dull  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter  brown. 

321.  Populus  balsamifera,  L. 

Balsam.    Tacamahac.    Balm  of  Gilead. 

Straits  of  Belle  Isle  to  the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay,  northwest  to  the 
shores  of  the  Great  Bear  Lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska, 
south  to  northern  New  England,  central  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  interior  ranges  of  Montana  and  Idaho,  Washington, 
and  British  Columbia. 

A  large  tree,  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10 
metres  in  diameter  ;  very  common  on  all  islands  and  shores  of  the  north- 
ern rivers  ;  in  British  Columbia  generally  confounded  with  the  allied 
P.  trichocarpa,  the  range  of  the  two  species  here  still  uncertain.  A  form 
with  broader  heart-shaped  leaves,  white  on  the  under  side,  rare  or  un- 
known in  a  wild  state,  very  common  in  cultivation,  is  var.  candicans, 
Gray. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly 
white. 


Populus. 


SALICACE.E. 


105 


The  buds,  as  well  as  those  of  several  other  species,  are  covered  with 
a  resinous  exudation,  which  is  occasionally  used  medicinally  as  a  substitute 
for  turpentine  and  other  balms. 

322.  Populus  angustifolia,  James. 

Black  Cottonwood. 

Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  eastern  and  southwestern  Montana,  east  Hum- 
boldt and  Shoshone  Mountains,  Nevada,  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
and  on  the  ranges  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.60  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  between  6,000  and  10,000 
feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, obscure  ;  color  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

323.  Populus  trichocarpa,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Black  Cottonwood.    Balsam  Cottonwood. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  and  probably  much 
farther  north,  east  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains, 
Montana,  south  through  Washington,  western  Oregon  and  California  to 
the  southern  borders  of  the  State. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  60  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10 
metres  in  diameter  ;  banks  of  streams  and  bottom-lands  below  6,000  feet 
elevation ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  val- 
leys of  the  lower  Columbia  River  and  the  streams  flowing  into  Puget 
Sound,  here  the  largest  deciduous  tree  of  the  forest. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact ; 
medullary  rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  light  dull  brown,  the 
sap-wood  lighter,  nearly  white ;  in  Oregon  and  Washington  largely 
manufactured  into  staves  of  sugar-barrels,  wooden-ware,  etc. 

324.  Populus  monilifera,  Ait. 

Cottonwood.     Necklace  Poplar.     Carolina  Poplar.     Big  Cotton- 
wood. 

Shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  south  through  western  New 
England  to  western  Florida,  west  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Montana,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  51  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.40 
metres  in  diameter  ;  low,  moist  soil ;  the  common  cottonwood  of  Texas 
and  the  western  plains,  bordering  all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  warp 
in  drying,  difficult  to  season ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color 
dark  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper-pulp,  for  light  packing-cases,  fence-boards,  and  fuel. 


106 


CONIFERS. 


Populus. 


325.  Populus  Fremontii,  Watson. 

Cottonwood. 

California,  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  RiverT  south  to  San  Ber- 
nardino County,  extending  eastward  in  Nevada  and  Utah.  A  form  dis- 
tinguished by  its  sharply  acuminate  leaves,  truncate  at  the  base  (var. 
Wislizeni,  Watson),  is  common  along  all  the  larger  streams  from  southern 
California,  through  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  to  western  Texas  and 
southern  Colorado. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80 
metres  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams ;  the  common  cottonwood  of  the 
valleys  of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  liable  to  warp  in 
drying,  difficult  to  season ;  medullary  rays  thin,  very  obscure ;  color 
light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

CONIFERS. 

326.  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Torr. 

White  Cedar.    Bastard  Cedar.    Post  Cedar.    Incense  Cedar. 

Oregon,  south  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  between  3,000  and  8,500  feet  elevation,  and  through 
the  California  Coast  Ranges  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca 
Mountains. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10 
metres  in  diameter ;  slopes  and  valleys  ;  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin, 
dark-colored,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  the  thin 
sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  in  the  construction 
of  water-flumes,  and  for  interior  finish,  furniture,  laths,  shingles,  etc.; 
often  injured  by  a  species  of  dry  rot  {Dcedalia  vorax),  rendering  it  unfit 
for  lumber. 

327.  Thuya  occidentalis,  L. 

White  Cedar.  Arbor-vitce. 

New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River  to  the  southern 
shores  of  James  Bay  and  southeast  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  south  through  the 
Northern  States  to  central  New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania,  central 
Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  central  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter  ;  cold,  wet  swamps,  and  rocky  banks  of  streams ;  very 
common  at  the  North,  often  covering  great  areas  of  swamp. 


Chamcecyparis. 


CONIFEILE. 


107 


Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  com- 
pact, very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  the  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  very  thin,  dark-colored  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  indistinct ;  color 
light  brown,  turning  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white  ;  largely  used  for  posts,  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  shingles. 

The  distilled  oil  and  a  tincture  of  the  leaves  of  Thuya  have  been  found 
useful  in  the  treatment  of  pulmonary  and  uterine  complaints. 

328.  Thuya  gigantea,  Nutt. 

Red  Cedar.     Canoe  Cedar. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  Coast  Ranges  and  islands  of  British  Co- 
lumbia, through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  and  the  Coast  Ranges 
of  northern  California,  extending  east  along  the  mountains  of  Washing- 
ton to  the  Cceur  d'Alene,  Bitter  Root,  and  Salmon  River  Mountains 
of  Idaho  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  northern 
Montana. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  3.60 
metres  in  diameter ;  low,  rich  woods  and  swamps,  less  commonly  on  dry 
ridges  and  slopes  below  5,200  feet  elevation ;  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  western  Washington  and  Oregon ;  the  large 
specimens  generally  hollow. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  com- 
pact, easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored,  distinct ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ob- 
scure ;  color  dull  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ; 
largely  used  for  interior  finish,  fencing,  shingles,  in  cabinet-making  and 
cooperage,  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  in  the  manufacture 
of  their  canoes. 

329.  Chamsecyparis  sphaeroidea,  Spach. 
White  Cedar. 

Southern  Maine,  south  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  along 
the  Gulf  Coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Mississippi. 

A  tree  24  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  deep,  cold  swamps  ;  rare  in  the  Gulf  States,  west  of  the  Bay 
of  Mobile. 

Wood  very  light  and  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact,  easily 
worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  dark-colored,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  ob- 
scure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  growing  darker  with  exposure, 
the  sap-wood  lighter  ;  largely  used  in  boat-building,  for  wooden-ware, 
cooperage,  shingles,  interior  finish,  telegraph  and  fence  posts,  railway- 
ties,  etc. 


108 


CONIFERS. 


Chamcecyparis. 


330.  Chamsecyparis  Nutkaensis,  Spach. 

Yellow  Cypress.    Sitka  Cypress. 

Sitka,  south  along  the  islands  and  Coast  Ranges  of  British  Columbia 
and  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of 
the  Santian  River,  Oregon. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  30  to  38  metres  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  1.20  to  1.80  metres  in  diameter,  or  toward  its  southern  limits  and 
at  high  elevations  much  smaller  ;  common  along  the  coast  at  the  sea-level 
to  about  latitude  49°  30',  then  less  common  and  only  at  higher  elevations; 
within  the  United  States  hardly  below  5,000  feet  elevation  and  very  rare 
and  local ;  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  Alaska. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  easily  worked,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a 
beautiful  polish,  possessing  an  agreeable  resinous  odor ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  thin,  numerous,  hardly 
distinguishable  ;  color  bright  light  clear  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly 
white ;  somewhat  used  in  boat  and  ship  building,  for  furniture,  interior 
finish,  etc. 

331.  Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana,  Pari. 

Port  Orford  Cedar.     Oregon  Cedar.     White   Cedar.  Lawson's 
Cypress.     Ginger  Pine. 
Oregon,  —  Coos  Bay,  south  to  the  valley  of  the  Rogue  River,  not  ex- 
tending more  than  thirty  miles  from  the  coast ;  California,  —  valley  of 
the  upper  Sacramento  River  (shores  of  Castle  and  Soda  Lakes,  Shasta 
County). 

A  large  tree  of  the  first  economic  value,  45  to  61  metres  in  height, 
with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  metres  in  diameter  ;  rich  woods,  in  low,  moist  soil, 
interspersed  among  the  red  fir  and  hemlock  ;  most  common  and  reaching 
its  greatest  development  along  the  Oregon  coast ;  local ;  in  California  very 
rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  abounding  in  odoriferous  resin, 
satiny,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  layers  of  small  summer  cells  thin, 
not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  light 
yellow  or  almost  white,  the  thin  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable  ;  largely 
manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish,  flooring,  railway, 
ties,  fence-posts,  matches,  and  in  ship  and  boat  building  ;  the  resin  strongly 
diuretic  and  a  powerful  insecticide. 

332.  Cupressus  macrocarpa,  Hart. 

Monterey  Cypress. 
California,  —  Cypress  Point,  Pescadero  Ranch,  and  Carmelo  Point, 
near  Monterey. 


Juniperus. 


CONIFERS. 


109 


A  tree  15  to  21  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.80  metres  in 
diameter ;  on  granite  rocks  immediately  upon  the  sea-coast ;  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  satiny,  susceptible  of 
a  beautiful  polish,  odorous  ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored, 
conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  hardly  distinguishable  ;  color  clear 
bright  brown  streaked  with  red  and  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

333.  Cupressus  G-oveniana,  Gord. 

Humboldt  County,  California,  south  along  the  coast  and  through  the 
Coast  Ranges  into  lower  California. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  writh  a  trunk  0.60 
to  0.90  metre  in  diameter ;  borders  of  streams  and  mountain  slopes,  in 
rather  rich  soil,  or  often  a  low  shrub,  occupying  extensive  tracts  of  sandy 
barrens  or  thin,  rocky  soil,  1  to  5  miles  inland  from  the  coast ;  widely  but 
not  generally  distributed. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  dark-colored,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  thin, 
obscure ;  color  light  brown,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

334.  Cupressus  Macnabiana,  Murr. 

California,  —  mountains  south  of  Clear  Lake,  Lake  County. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall  shrub  branching  from  the  ground ; 
very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  not  collected. 

335.  Cupressus  Guadalupensis,  Watson. 

San  Francisco  Mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona,  Santa 
Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona ;  Sierra  Madre,  near  Saltillo, 
and  Guadalupe  Island,  Mexico. 

A  tree  18  to  21  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter;  rocky  canons  and  ridges;  forming  on  the  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  Mountains  extensive  forests  between  5,000  and  8,000  feet  eleva- 
tion, generally  on  northern  slopes  ;  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  easily  worked,  suscep- 
tible of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  conspicuous ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  gray,  often  faintly  streaked 
with  yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood  light  yellow. 

336.  Juniperus  Californica,  Carr. 

Juniper. 

California,  —  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River  south  through  the  Coast 
Ranges  to  lower  California. 


110 


CONIFERS. 


Juniperus. 


A  small  tree,  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.60 
metre  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a  tall  shrub,  sending  up  many  stems  from 
the  ground ;  sandy  barrens  and  dry,  rocky  soil. 

A  form  (var.  Utahensis,  Engelm.)  with  more  slender  branchlets  and 
smaller  globose  fruit  found  from  the  western  base  of  the  Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains, Utah,  to  eastern  California,  and  south  through  the  Great  Basin  to 
southeastern  California  and  the  San  Francisco  Mountains,  eastern  Arizona, 
is  very  common  in  the  elevated  valleys  and  along  the  lower  slopes  of  all 
the  ranges  of  central  and  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  is  the  most 
generally  distributed  arborescent  species  of  the  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durahle  in  con- 
tact with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored,  not 
conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  in  southern  California 
largely  used  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

337.  Juniperus  pachyphlcea,  Torr. 

Juniper. 

Mountains  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  south 
of  latitude  34°  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  dry,  stony  slopes  and  ridges,  generally  between  2,000  and  3,000 
feet  elevation.;  the  prevailing  and  largest  juniper  of  the  mountains  of 
western  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  sus- 
ceptible of  a  fine  polish;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  dark- 
colored,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  clear 
light  red,  often  streaked  with  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

338.  Juniperus  occidentals,  Hook. 

Juniper. 

Blue  Mountains  and  high  prairies  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon, 
Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon,  valley  of  the  Klamath  River,  California, 
and  south  along  the  high  ridges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  between  7,000  and 
10,000  feet  elevation,  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

A  tree  9  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  2.10  metres  in 
diameter,  or  often  a  low,  much-branched  shrub;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and 
prairies,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  Sierras. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable  in  contact 
with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  red  or  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

A  variety  (var.  monosperma,  Engelm.)  with  smaller,  generally  1-seeded 
berries,  extends  from  the  eastern  base  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  to  the 


Juniper  us. 


CONIFERS. 


Ill 


mountains  of  western  Texas,  and  through  New  Mexico  and  southern 
Arizona  to  southern  California. 

A  small,  stunted  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
0.G0  metre  in  diameter,  or  often  branching  from  the  ground  with  many 
stout,  contorted  stems ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between  3,500  and  7,000  feet 
elevation. 

Wood  heavier  than  that  of  the  type,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  often 
eccentric  ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

A  variety  (var.  conjugens,  Engelm.)  with  slender  branchlets  and  4 
ranked,  closely  appressed  denticulate  leaves  and  globose  1-2-seeded  fruit, 
extends  from  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  west  and  north. 

A  tree  11  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.30  metre 
in  diameter,  covering  with  extensive  forests  the  limestone  hills  of  western 
Texas  ;  its  range  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  very  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored, 
conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  brown  often 
streaked  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for  fencing, 
fuel,  telegraph-poles,  railway-ties,  etc. 

339.  Junipems  Virginiana,  L. 

Red  Cedar.  Savin. 

Southern  New  Brunswick,  shores  of  Georgian  Bay,  northern  Michigan, 
northern  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  west  to  eastern 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory  to  about  the  one  hundredth 
parallel  of  west  longitude  ;  in  the  Pacific  region,  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Colorado  to  Vancouver's  Island,  British  Columbia;  not  extending  to 
western  Texas,  California,  or  Oregon;  in  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona 
rare  and  local. 

The  most  widely  distributed  of  North  American  Coniferce,  a  tree  24 
to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.35  metres  in  diameter,  or 
toward  its  northern  and  western  limits  much  smaller,  often  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  ridges,  and  limestone  hills,  or  in  the  Gulf  States, 
especially,  near  the  coast,  in  deep  swamps ;  common  and  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River,  Texas. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-  and  straight-grained, 
compact,  easily  worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  odorous ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  dull  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ; 
largely  used  for  posts,  sills,  railway-ties,  interior  finish,  cabinet-making, 
and  lead-pencils. 

A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  used  as  a  substitute  for  savine 
cerete,  and  an  infusion  of  the  berries  as  a  diuretic. 


112 


CONIFERS. 


Taxodium. 


340.  Taxodium  distichum,  Rich. 

Bald  Cypress.     Black  Cypress.     Red  Cypress.     White  Cypress. 
Deciduous  Cypress. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  near  the  coast  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Cape 
Romano,  Florida,  west  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces 
River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Tennessee,  western  and 
northern  Kentucky,  southeastern  Missouri,  and  southern  Illinois  and 
Indiana. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.80  to  4  metres 
in  diameter ;  deep,  submerged  swamps,  river  bottom-lands,  and  pine-barren 
ponds ;  common  and  occupying  extensive  tracts  in  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close,  straight-grained,  not  strong,  compact,  easily 
worked,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ; 
color  light  or  dark  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  manufac- 
tured into  lumber  and  used  for  construction,  cooperage,  railway-ties,  posts, 
fencing,  etc.,  often  injured,  especially  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  by  a 
species  of  Dcedalia,  rendering  it  unfit  for  lumber. 

Two  varieties  of  cypress,  black  and  white,  are  recognized  by  lumber- 
men, the  wood  of  the  former  heavier  than  water  when  green,  rather  harder 
and  considered  more  durable  than  the  other ;  the  unseasoned  wood  of  the 
latter  lighter  than  water,  and  rather  lighter  colored  than  black  cypress. 

341.  Sequoia  gigantea,  Decsn. 
Big  Tree. 

California,  —  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Placer  County 
(Calaveras  Grove)  south  to  the  southern  borders  of  Tulare  County. 

A  tree  76  to  119  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  6  to  11  metres  in 
diameter ;  valleys  and  moist  swales  or  hollows  between  4,000  and  6,000 
feet  elevation,  growing  in  small,  isolated  groves,  except  toward  its  south- 
ern limits,  here  mixed  with  the  sugar  pine  and  red  and  white  firs,  occu- 
pying areas  often  several  hundred  acres  in  extent. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact, 
remarkably  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin,  dark-colored,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color 
bright  clear  red,  turning  much  darker  with  exposure,  the  thin  sap-wood 
white  ;  formerly  somewhat  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  locally  used  for 
fencing,  shingles,  construction,  etc. 

342.  Sequoia  sempervirens,  Endl. 

Redwood. 

California,  —  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  State,  south  in  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  the  southern  border  of  Monterey  County. 


Taxus. 


CONIFERJE. 


113 


A  large  tree,  61  to  92  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  7  metres 
in  diameter ;  sides  of  canons  and  valleys  in  low,  wet  situations,  borders  of 
streams,  etc. ;  not  appearing  on  dry  hillsides  ;  generally  confined  to  slopes 
facing  the  ocean,  and  nowhere  extending  far  from  the  coast ;  most  gen- 
erally multiplied  and  reaching  its  greatest  average  density  north  of  Cape 
Mendocino. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  brittle,  rather  coarse-grained,  com- 
pact, susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  easily  split  and  worked,  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored,  con- 
spicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  very  obscure  ;  color  clear  light  red, 
the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  sawed  into  lumber  ;  the  prevail- 
ing and  most  valuable  building  material  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  in  Cali- 
fornia almost  exclusively  used  for  shingles,  fence-posts,  telegraph-poles, 
railway-ties,  wine-butts,  tanning-  and  water-tanks,  coffins,  etc.  ;  forms 
with  curled  or  contorted  grain  are  highly  ornamental. 

343.  Taxus  brevifolia,  Nutt. 
Tew. 

Islands  and  Coast  Ranges  of  British  Columbia,  through  western  and 
the  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  western 
slopes  of  the  \Rocky  Mountains  of  northern  Montana ;  through  the  Cali- 
fornia Coast  Ranges  to  the  Bay  of  Monterey  and  along  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  toward  its  eastern  limits  in  Idaho  and  Montana  much  smaller, 
often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  rare ;  low,  rich  woods  and  borders  of 
streams,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Oregon,  Washing- 
ton, and  British  Columbia. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-drained,  compact,  suscep- 
tible of  a  beautiful  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  thin,  dark-colored,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  thin, 
numerous,  very  obscure ;  color  light  bright  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  light 
yellow ;  used  for  fence-posts  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast 
for  paddles,  spear-handles,  bows,  fish-hooks,  etc. 

344.  Taxus  Floridana,  Nutt. 
Yew. 

Western  Florida,  —  banks  of  the  Apalachicola  River  from  Bristol  to 
Aspalaga. 

A  small  tree,  3  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter  ;  rare  and  very  local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  sum- 
mer cells  very  thin,  dark-colored,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  nu- 
merous, obscure  ;  color  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

8 


114  CONIFEIUE.  Torreya. 

345.  Torreya  taxifolia,  Am. 

Stinking  Cedar.  Savin. 

Western  Florida,  —  eastern  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  River  from 
Chattahoochee  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  borders  of  swamps  on  calcareous  soil ;  very  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact, 
susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  clear  bright  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  much 
lighter  ;  largely  used  locally  for  fence-posts,  etc. 

346.  Torreya  Californica,  Torr. 

California  Nutmeg.    Stinking  Cedar. 

California,  —  Mendocino  County,  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare  County,  between  3,000  and  5,000  feet  elevation. 

A  tree  15  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  borders  of  streams,  in  moist  soil ;  rare. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  compact,  susceptible  of 
a  fine  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  ;  bands  of  small  sum- 
mer cells  broad,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  raj^s  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  clear  light  yellow,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

347.  Pinns  Strobus,  L. 

White  Pine.     Weymouth  Pine. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  to  Lake 
Nipigon  and  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg  River,  south  through  the  North- 
ern States  to  Pennsylvania,  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan ; 
"  Starving  rock,"  near  La  Salle,  Illinois,  near  Davenport,  Iowa  (very 
rare  and  local)  ;  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  52  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3.50 
metres  in  diameter  ;  sandy  loam,  forming  extensive  forests,  or  in  the 
region  of  the  great  lakes  often  in  small  bodies  scattered  through  the  hard- 
wood forests,  here  reaching  its  greatest  development;  north  of  latitude 
47°  and  south  of  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  and  Minnesota  much 
smaller,  less  common  and  valuable. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact, 
easily  worked,  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  small,  not  numerous  nor  con- 
spicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  often  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  more  largely  manufactured 
into  lumber,  shingles,  laths,  etc.,  than  that  of  any  other  North  American 
tree  ;  the  common  and  most  valuable  building  material  of  the  Northern 
States  ;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making,  for  interior  finish,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  matches,  wooden-ware,  and  for  many  domestic  purposes. 


Pinus. 


CONIFERS. 


115 


348.  Pinus  monticola,  Dougl. 

White  Pine. 

Vancouver's  Island,  Coast  and  Gold  Ranges  of  southern  British  Colum- 
bia, east  along  the  mountains  of  northern  Washington,  through  the  Coeur 
d'Alene  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains  of  Idaho  to  the  valley  of  the  Flathead 
River,  Montana  ;  south  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and 
Oregon  and  the  California  Sierras  to  Calaveras  County. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter  ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  the  Pend  d'Oreille  and  Clark's  Fork  regions  of  Idaho,  here  a  valuable 
and  important  timber  tree  ;  in  British  Columbia  generally  below  3,000  feet, 
and  in  California  between  7,000  and  10,000  feet  elevation,  not  common. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous,  not  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages 
numerous,  not  large,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  inferior  in  quality, 
although  resembling  that  of  the  Eastern  white  pine  (P.  Strobus)  ;  in 
Idaho  and  Montana  somewhat  manufactured  into  lumber. 

349.  Pinus  Lambertiana,  Dougl. 

Sugar  Pine. 

Oregon,  —  Cascade  and  Coast  Ranges,  from  the  head  of  Mackenzie 
River  and  the  valley  of  the  Rogue  River,  south  ;  California,  —  western 
flank  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains,  and  in  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

A  large  tree,  46  to  92  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3  to  7  metres  in 
diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  upon  the 
Sierras  of  central  and  northern  California  between  4,000  and  8,000  feet 
elevation ;  in  the  Oregon  Coast  Ranges  descending  to  1,000  feet  above 
sea-level. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  coarse,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny,  easily 
worked ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin 
passages  numerous,  very  large  and  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numer- 
ous, obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  now  largely 
manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish,  door-blinds,  sashes, 
etc.,  and  for  cooperage  and  wooden-ware  ;  less  valuable  and  less  easily 
worked  than  that  of  the  Eastern  white  pine  (Pinus  Strobus)  ;  its  quality 
injured  by  the  larger  and  more  numerous  resin  passages. 

A  saccharine  exudation  from  the  stumps  of  cut  or  partially  burned 
trees  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  su^ar. 

350.  Pinus  flexilis,  James. 
White  Pine. 

Eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Montana,  and  probably  farther 
north,  south  to  New  Mexico,  Guadalupe  and  Limpia  Mountains,  western 


116 


CONIFERS. 


Plnus. 


Texas,  high  mountain  ranges  of  Utah,  Nevada,  and  northern  Arizona, 
Inyo  Mountains  and  Mount  Silliman,  California. 

A  tree  15  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  between  4,000  and  10,000  feet 
elevation  ;  common  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
northern  Montana,  forming  open,  scattered  forests,  and  the  prevailing  forest 
tree  ;  in  central  Nevada  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  re°ion 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
narrow,  not  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  numerous,  large  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  clear  yellow,  turning  red  with  expo- 
sure, the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  in  northern  Montana,  Nevada  and 
Utah  sometimes  sawed  into  inferior  lumber  and  used  in  construction 
and  for  various  domestic  purposes. 

351.  Pinus  albicaulis,  Engelm. 

Coast  Ranges  of  British  Columbia,  south  along  the  Cascade  and  Blue 
Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon ;  California,  —  Scott  Mountains, 
Mount  Shasta,  and  along  the  high  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mount 
San  Bernardino  ;  extending  east  along  the  high  ranges  of  northern  Wash- 
ington to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  northern  Montana. 

A  small  alpine  tree,  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  0.60 
metre  in  diameter,  or  at  its  highest  elevation  reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate 
shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  at  the  extreme  limit  of  tree  growth,  reaching 
in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  an  elevation  of  10,500  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  numerous,  not 
large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

352.  Pinus  reflexa,  Engelm. 

White  Pine. 

High  mountains  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  to  the  Santa  Rita  and 
Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Arizona. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  exceeding 
0.60  metre  in  diameter  ;  rocky  ridges  and  slopes  of  almost  inaccessible 
canons  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  resinous,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  large  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white. 

353.  Pinus  Parryana,  Engelm. 

Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

California,  —  Larkin's  Station,  20  miles  southeast  of  Campo,  San 
Diego  County,  and  in  lower  California. 


Pinus. 


CONIFERS. 


117 


A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.45  metre 
in  diameter  ;  very  rare  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States ;  south  of 
the  boundary  forming  in  lower  California  extensive  open  forests  upon 
high  ridges  and  slopes. 

Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
thin-,  not  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  very  numerous,  large,  conspicuous  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure;  color  light  brown  or  yellow,  the 
sap-wood  much  lighter,  nearly  white. 

The  large  seeds  edible. 

354.  Pinus  cembroides,  Zucc. 
Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  Arizona  ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  in  Arizona  6  to  7  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  hardly 
exceeding  0.30  metre  in  diameter ;  dry  ridges  and  slopes  at  3,500  feet 
elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  small ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  clear  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

The  seeds  edible. 

355.  Pinus  ednlis,  Engelm. 
Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Eastern  base  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  south  through  New  Mexico 
to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas. 

A  small  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90 
metre  in  diameter ;  dry  slopes,  generally  on  lime  or  sandstone,  reaching 
in  Colorado  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact,  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ; 
resin  passages  few,  small ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  fen- 
cing, etc.,  and  in  western  Texas  occasionally  manufactured  into  inferior 
lumber. 

The  large  seeds  edible. 

356.  Pinus  monophylla,  Torr.  &  Frem. 
Pinon.    Nut  Pine. 

Western  base  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Utah,  to  the  eastern  foot-hills 
of  the  California  Sierras,  south  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Great 
Basin  to  the  San  Francisco  Mountains  of  eastern  Arizona. 

A  small,  busby  tree,  4  to  6  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
1  metre  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between  3,000  and  6,000  feet 
elevation. 


118 


CONIFERS. 


Pinus. 


Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  not  large ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  yellow  or  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  charcoal. 

The  large  edible  seeds  furnish  the  principal  food  of  the  Indians  of  the 
Great  Basin. 

357.  Pinus  Balfouriana,  Murr. 

Foxtail  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

California,  —  Scott  Mountains,  Mount  Whitney,  and  about  the  head- 
waters of  King  and  Kern  Rivers.  A  form  (var.  aristata,  Engelm.), 
common  on  the  mountains  of  southeastern  California,  through  Nevada, 
northern  Arizona,  and  southern  Utah  to  Colorado,  above  7,500  feet,  and 
in  Colorado  reaching  12,000  feet  elevation,  is  distinguished  by  its  ovate 
cones,  with  thinner  scales  and  shorter  recurved  awn-like  prickles. 

A  small  tree,  15  to  19  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90 
metre  in  diameter ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges,  forming  upon  Scott 
Mountains  a  broad  belt  of  forest  growth  between  5,000  and  8,000  feet 
elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
susceptible  of  a  good  polish ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  nar- 
row, dark-colored ;  resin  passages  few,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure. 

358.  Pinus  resinosa,  Ait. 

Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrence  and 
Lake  Nipigon  to  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg  River,  south  through  the 
Northern  States  to  eastern  Massachusetts,  the  mountains  of  northern 
Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan  and  Minnesota. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.37 
metres  in  diameter ;  light  sandy  loam  or  dry  rocky  ridges,  forming  scat- 
tered groves  rarely  exceeding  a  few  hundred  acres  in  extent ;  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  through  northern  Wisconsin  and 
Minnesota. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  dark-colored,  very  resinous ;  resin  passages  few, 
small,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  red, 
the  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  almost  white ;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  all  purposes  of  construction,  flooring,  piles,  etc. 

359.  Pinus  Torreyana,  Parry. 

California,  —  mouth  of  the  Soledad  River,  San  Diego  County. 

A  low,  short-lived,  gnarled,  crooked  tree,  6  to  8  metres  in  height,  with 


Pinus. 


CONIFERS. 


119 


a  trunk  0.23  to  0.33  metre  in  diameter  ;  crests  of  sandy  bluffs  immediately 
upon  the  sea-coast ;  very  local  and  fast  disappearing. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  rather  close-grained,  compact; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages 
small,  few ;  medullary  ray's  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  red,  the  sap- 
wood  yellow  or  nearly  white ;  locally  used  for  fuel. 

360.  Pinns  Arizonica,  Engelm. 
Yellow  Pine. 

Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  and  probably  upon 
other  ranges  of  southern  Arizona. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter;  high  rocky  ridges  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation,  and 
forming  extensive  forests  near  the  summits  of  the  Santa  Catalina 
Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained,  compact; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  pas- 
sages numerous,  large ;  medullary  rays  thin,  obscure  ;  color  light  red  or 
often  yellow,  the  sap-wood  lighter  yellow  or  white ;  sometimes  sawed  into 
inferior  lumber. 

361.  Pinns  ponderosa,  Dougl. 

Yellow  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Interior  of  British  Columbia,  south  of  latitude  51°,  south  and  east 
along  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  Pacific  Region  to  Mexico,  the  Black 
Hills  of  Dakota,  Colorado,  and  western  Texas  ;  not  detected  in  central  or 
southern  Nevada. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  91  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3.60  to  4.57 
metres  in  diameter,  or  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  much 
smaller,  rarely  exceeding  30  metres  in  height  (var.  scopulorum)  ;  dry, 
rocky  ridges  and  prairies,  or  in  northern  California  rarely  in  cold,  wet 
swamps,  reaching  its  greatest  development  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierras  of  northern  and  central  California  ;  in  western  Washington  and 
Oregon,  rare  and  local ;  next  to  Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  the  most  generally 
distributed  and  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  Pacific  forests,  furnishing  the 
principal  lumber  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  western  Montana, 
Idaho,  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

Wood  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  value,  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle, 
not  coarse-grained  nor  durable,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad 
or  narrow,  very  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  few,  small ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  obscure;  color  light  red,  the  very  thick  sap-wood 
almost  white ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  for  railway- 
ties,  fuel,  etc. 


120 


CONIFERJE. 


Pinus . 


362.  Pinus  Jefifreyi,  Murr. 

Bull  Pine.    Black  Pine, 

California,  —  Scott  Mountains,  south  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the 
San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  31  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  4  metres 
in  diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  between  6,000  and  8,000  feet  elevation  ; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages 
few,  not  large  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  red,  the 
sap-wood  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white ;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse 
lumber. 

Abietine,  a  volatile  carbo-hydrogen  possessing  powerful  ansesthetic 
properties,  is  obtained  by  distilling  the  resinous  exudation  of  this  species. 

363.  Pinus  Chihuahuana,  Engelm. 

Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  San  Francisco  Mountains,  southwest- 
ern New  Mexico  and  Arizona ;  in  Chihuahua. 

A  small  tree,  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.45  to  0.60 
metre  in  diameter ;  dry,  rocky  ridges  and  slopes  between  5,000  and  7,000 
feet  elevation ;  not  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  rather 
large,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  clear  light 
orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  lighter. 

364.  Pinus  contorta,  Dougl. 

Scrub  Pine. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  coast  to  Mendocino  County,  California,  ex- 
tending inland  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  Ranges. 

A  small,  stunted  tree,  6  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to 
0.50  metre  in  diameter ;  sandy  dunes  and  exposed  rocky  points. 

Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained  ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  very  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  numerous,  not  large  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

365.  Pinus  Murray  ana,  Balfour. 

Tamarack.    Black  Pine.    Lodge-pole  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 
Valley  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska,  south  through  the  interior  of 
British  Columbia,  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Washington  and  Oregon 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California  to  Mount  San  Jacinto ;  on  the  high 
plateau  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  about  latitude  56°,  and  south 


Pinus. 


CONIFERS. 


121 


through  the  mountains  of  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and 
Utah  to  New  Mexico  and  northern  Arizona. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  Sierras ;  in 
the  interior  regions  in  dry,  gravelly  soil,  here  the  prevailing  tree,  cover- 
ing immense  areas,  and  generally  replacing  other  species  destroyed  by 
fire ;  western  Washington  and  southward  only  along  the  borders  of  moist 
alpine  meadows  between  6,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  easily  worked,  com- 
pact, not  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous ; 
resin  passages  few,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color 
light  yellow  or  nearly  white,  the  thin  sap-wood  lighter ;  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  for  fuel,  railway-ties,  etc. 

366.  Pinus  Sabiniana,  Dougl. 

Digger  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

California,  —  Shasta  County,  south  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Coast 
Ranges  and  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  below  4,000  feet 
elevation. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter ;  very  common  through  all  the  foot-hills  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  compact,  not 
durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous ; 
resin  passages  few,  large,  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ; 
color  light  brown  or  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  nearly  white; 
largely  used  for  fuel. 

The  large  seeds  edible. 

367.  Pinus  Coulteri,  D.  Don. 

California,  —  Mcnte  Diablo,  south  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to  the 
Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

A  tree  24  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.80  metres  in 
diameter  ;  dry  ridges  and  slopes  between  3,000  and  6,000  feet  elevation ; 
most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  San  Jacinto 
Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained  ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  few,  large  ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color  light  red,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

368.  Pinus  insignis,  Dougl. 

Monterey  Pine. 

California,  —  Pescadero  to  Monterey  and  San  Simeon  Bay. 
A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in  di- 
ameter ;  sandy  soil,  in  immediate  proximity  to  the  sea-coast ;  rare  and  local. 


122 


CONIFERS. 


Pinus. 


Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  brown, 
the  very  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  locally  somewhat  used  for  fuel. 

369.  Pinus  tuberculata,  Gord. 

Knob-cone  Pine. 

Valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  Oregon,  south  along  the  western  slope 
of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  in  the  California  Coast 
Ranges  from  the  Santa  Cruz  to  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

A  tree  18  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or,  rarely,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub ;  dry,  gravelly  ridges  and 
slopes  from  2,500  (San  Bernardino  Mountains)  to  5,500  (Mount  Shasta) 
feet  elevation  ;  not  common. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  very  broad,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  numerous, 
large,  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  brown,  the 
thick  sap-wood  nearly  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

370.  Piims  Tseda,  L. 

Loblolly  Pine.     Old-field  Pine.    Rosemary  Pine. 

Southern  Delaware,  south  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida, 
generally  near  the  coast,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the 
Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  extending  north  to  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas 
River. 

A  tree  24  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50  metres  in 
diameter  ;  low,  wet  clay  or  dry,  sandy  soil ;  springing  up  on  all  aban- 
doned lands  from  Virginia  southward,  and  now  often  replacing  in  the 
Southern  pine-belt  the  original  forests  of  Pinus  palustris ;  in  eastern 
North  Carolina  rarely  on  low,  rich  swamp  ridges,  here  known  as  rose- 
mary pine  and  attaining  its  greatest  development  and  value. 

Wood  light,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ;  bands 
of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous;  resin  passages 
few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown, 
the  very  thick  sap-wood  orange,  or  often  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for 
fuel  and  manufactured  into  lumber  of  inferior  quality. 

371.  Pinus  rigida,  Mill. 

Pitch  Pine. 

New  Brunswick  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  south  through 
the  Atlantic  States  to  northern  Georgia,  extending  to  the  western  slope  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

A  tree  12  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  dry,  sandy,  barren  soil,  or  less  commonly  in  deep,  cold  swamps  ; 
very  common. 


Pinus. 


C0NIFER2E. 


123 


Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  nu- 
merous, not  large  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown 
or'  red,  the  thick  sap-wood  yellow  or  often  nearly  white  ;  largely  used  for 
fuel,  charcoal,  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

372.  Pinus  serotina,  Michx. 
Pond  Pine. 

North  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  head  of  the  Saint  John's 
River,  Florida. 

A  tree  12  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  inundated  borders  of  streams  and  ponds  in  low,  peaty  soil ;  not 
common. 

Wood  heavy,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands 
of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  dark-colored,  conspicuous  ;  resin 
passages  few,  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  dark 
orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  pale  yellow. 

373.  Pinus  inops,  Ait. 

Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  New  York,  south,  generally  near  the 
coast,  to  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  South  Carolina,  and  through 
eastern  and  middle  Kentucky  to  southeastern  Indiana. 

A  tree  24  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  in  the  Atlantic  States  generally  much  smaller  ;  sandy,  gen- 
erally barren  soil,  reaching  its  greatest  development  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  close-grained,  compact,  dur- 
able ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin 
passages  few,  not  prominent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light 
orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  in 
Kentucky  and  Indiana  preferred  for  and  largely  manufactured  into  water- 
pipes  and  pump-logs. 

374.  Pinus  clausa,  Vasey. 

Sand  Pine.    Scrub  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

Florida,  —  shores  of  Pensacola  Bay,  south,  generally  within  30  miles 
of  the  coast,  to  Pease  Creek,  and  occupying  a  narrow  ridge  along  the  east 
coast  south  of  Saint  Augustine. 

A  tree  21  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75  metre  in 
diameter,  or  on  the  west  coast  rarely  6  to  9  metres  in  height ;  barren, 
sandy  dunes  and  ridges  ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  develop- 
ment about  the  head  of  Halifax  Bay. 


124 


CONIFERiE. 


Pinus. 


Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle  ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad, 
very  resinous,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  numerous,  prominent ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  thin  ;  color  light  orange  or  yellow,  the  thick  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

375.  Pinus  pungens,  Michx.  f. 

Table-mountain  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  Pennsylvania  to  Tennessee. 

A  tree  9  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.05  metres  in 
diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development  upon  the 
high  mountains  of  East  Tennessee,  here  often  forming  extensive  forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  numerous, 
large  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color  light  brown,  the  thick 
sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  in  Pennsylvania  largely  manufactured  into 
charcoal. 

376.  Pinus  nmricata,  D.  Don. 

Obispo  Pine.    Bishop's  Pine. 

California,  —  Mendocino  County  south  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to 
San  Luis  Obispo  County. 

A  tree  24  to  36  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter,  or  more  often  not  exceeding  15  metres  in  height ;  cold  peat-bogs 
or  barren,  sandy  gravel ;  always  in  situations  exposed  to  the  winds  and 
fogs  of  the  ocean,  and  not  found  above  2,000  feet  elevation,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  in  Mendocino  County ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  very  strong  and  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous  ;  resin  passages  few,  not  promi- 
nent ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  thick  sap- 
wood  nearly  white. 

377.  Pinus  mitis,  Michx. 

Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine.    Spruce  Pine.    Pull  Pine. 

Staten  Island,  New  York,  south  to  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf 
States  to  Tennessee  and  eastern  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  the 
Indian  Territory,  southeastern  Kansas,  southern  Missouri  and  southern 
Illinois. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.35  metres  in 
diameter  ;  light,  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly,  along  the  low  borders  of 
swamps  ;  forming,  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  mixed  with  oaks  and 
other  deciduous  trees,  extensive  forests ;  the  only  species  of  northern 
Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Missouri,  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
in  western  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 


Pinus. 


CONIFERJE. 


125 


Wood  varying  greatly  in  quality  and  amount  of  sap,  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  generally  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of  small  summer  cells 
broad,  very  resinous;  resin  passages  numerous,  large;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  conspicuous  ;  color  orange,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely 
manufactured  into  lumber,  especially  in  the  States  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

378.  Pinus  glabra,  Walt. 

Cedar  Pine.    Spruce  Pine.     White  Pine. 
South  Carolina,  south  to  middle  Florida,  generally  near  the  coast,  and 
through  the  Gulf  States  south  of  latitude  32°  30'  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl 
River,  Louisiana. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter  ;  rich  bottom-lands  and  hummocks  in  dense  forests  of  hard-wood 
trees,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi;  not 
common  and  very  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  not  durable ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  not  resinous  ;  resin  passages  few,  not 
large  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

379.  Pinus  Banksiana,  Lamb. 

Gray  Pine.    Scrub  Pine.    Prince's  Pine. 

Bay  of  Chaleur  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson  Bay,  northwest  to 
the  Great  Bear  Lake,  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  and  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  south  to  northern  Maine,  northern  Ver- 
mont, the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  small  tree,  9  to  22  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.75  metre  in  diameter ;  barren,  sandy  soil  or,  less  commonly,  in  rich 
loam;  most  common  north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  region  north  of  Lake  Superior, 
here  often  forming  considerable  forests ;  toward  its  extreme  western  limits 
associated  and  often  confounded  with  the  closely  allied  P.  contorta  and 
P.  Murrayana  of  the  Pacific  region. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  not  broad,  very  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages 
few,  not  large ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure  ;  color  clear  light  brown 
or,  rarely,  orange,  the  thick  sap-wood  almost  white  ;  largely  used  for  fuel, 
railway-ties,  etc. 

380.  Pinus  palustris,  Mill. 

Long-leaved  Pine.    Southern  Pine.     Georgia  Pine.    Yellow  Pine. 
Hard  Pine. 

Southeastern  Virginia,  south  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Tampa  Bay, 
Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River, 


126 


CONIFERS. 


Pinus. 


Louisiana,  and  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  rarely  extending  beyond  150 
miles  from  the  coast. 

A  tree  18  to  29  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  dry,  sandy  loam  of  the  maritime  plain ;  forming  extensive 
forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or  toward  its  extreme 
interior  range,  especially  in  the  Gulf  States,  occupying  rolling  hills,  here 
mixed  with  oaks  and  various  deciduous  trees ;  rarely  along  the  borders  of 
swamps  in  low,  wet  soil. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained, 
compact,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  dark- 
colored  ;  resin  passages  few,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
conspicuous  ;  color  light  red  or  orange,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white  ; 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  in  construction  of  all  sorts,  for 
ship-building,  fencing,  railway-ties,  etc. 

The  turpentine,  tar,  pitch,  rosin,  and  spirits  of  turpentine  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  States  are  almost  exclusively  produced  by  this 
species. 

381.  Pinus  Cubensis,  Griseb. 

Slash  Pine.    Swamp  Pine.    Bastard  Pine.    Meadow  Pine. 

South  Carolina,  south  near  the  coast  to  the  southern  keys  of  Florida, 
west  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Louisiana,  not 
extending  beyond  50  or  60  miles  inland  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  light,  sandy  soil  along  the  dunes  and  marshes  of  the  coast,  or 
wet,  clay  borders  of  ponds,  abandoned  fields,  etc.,  and  now  rapidly  taking 
possession  of  ground  from  which  the  forests  of  P.  palustris  have  been 
removed  ;  the  only  species  of  Florida  south  of  Cape  Canaveral  and  Bay 
Biscayne. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained, 
compact,  durable ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  very  broad  and  resinous, 
conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  not  large  ;  medullary  rays  numerous, 
rather  prominent;  color  rich  dark  orange,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  often 
nearly  white ;  hardly  inferior  in  value  to  that  of  P.  palustris,  although 
rarely  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Turpentine  is  occasionally  manufactured  in  southern  Florida  from 
this  species. 

382.  Picea  nigra,  Link. 

Black  Spruce. 

Newfoundland,  northern  Labrador  to  Ungava  Bay,  Nastapokee  Sound 
and  Cape  Churchill,  Hudson  Bay,  and  northwest  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mackenzie  River  and  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  south 
through  the  Northern  States  to  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  central 


Picea. 


CONIFERS. 


127 


Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the 
high  peaks  of  North  Carolina. 

A  tree  15  to  21  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  light,  dry,  rocky  soil,  forming,  especially  north  of  latitude  50°, 
extensive  forests  on  the  water-sheds  of  the  principal  streams  or  in  cold, 
wet  swamps ;  then  small,  stunted,  and  of  little  value  (P.  rubra). 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny  ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  resinous ;  resin  passages  few,  minute  ; 
medullary  rays  few,  conspicuous  ;  color  light  red  or  often  nearly  white, 
the  sap-wood  lighter;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  used  in 
construction,  for  ship-building,  piles,  posts,  railway-ties,  etc. 

383.  Picea  alba,  Link. 

White  Spruce. 

Newfoundland,  northern  shore  of  Labrador  to  Ungava  Bay,  Cape 
Churchill,  and  northwestward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and 
the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River,  Alaska ;  south  to  northern  Maine,  north- 
eastern Vermont,  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  the  Black  Hills  of 
Dakota,  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  northern  Montana,  Sitka,  and  British 
Columbia. 

A  tree  15  to  50  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  low,  rather  wet  soil,  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps ;  most  com- 
mon north  of  the  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  along  the  streams  and  lakes  of  the  Flathead  region  of  north- 
ern Montana  at  an  elevation  of  2,500  to  3,500  feet;  the  most  important 
timber  tree  of  the  American  subarctic  forests  north  of  latitude  60°  ;  its  dis- 
tribution southward  in  British  Columbia  not  yet  satisfactorily  determined. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny  ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  .conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  few, 
minute  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color  light  yellow,  the 
sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber, 
although  not  distinguished  in  commerce  from  that  of  the  black  spruce 
(P.  nigra). 

384.  Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelm. 

White  Spruce. 

Peace  River  Plateau,  in  latitude  55°  46',  through  the  interior  of 
British  Columbia  and  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and 
Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River ;  on  the  principal  ranges  of 
the  Rocky  and  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  the  San  Francisco  Mountains, 
Sierra  Blanco,  and  Mount  Graham,  Arizona. 

A  large  tree,  24  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20 
metres  in  diameter,  or  at  its  extreme  elevation  reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate 
shrub;  dry,  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  between  5,000  and  11,500  feet 
elevation ;  the  most  valuable  timber  tree  of  the  central  Rocky  Mountain 


128 


CONlFERiE. 


Picea. 


region,  here  forming  extensive  forests,  generally  above  8,500  feet  eleva- 
tion ;  rare'  and  of  small  size  in  the  mountains  of  Washington,  Oregon, 
and  Montana. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  very  close,  straight-grained,  compact, 
satiny ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  pas- 
sages few,  minute ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  conspicuous ;  color  pale 
yellow  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable ;  in  Colorado 
manufactured  into  lumber  and  largely  used  for  fuel,  charcoal,  etc. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  sometimes  used  in  Utah  in  tanning 
leather. 

385.  Picea  pungens,  Engelm. 

White  Spruce.     Blue  Spruce. 

Valley  of  the  Wind  River,  south  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  and  Utah. 

A  tree  30  to  46  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter;  borders  of  streams,  in  damp  or  wet  soil,  generally  between 
6,000  and  9,000  feet  elevation,  never  forming  forests ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  compact,  satiny ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  small ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  prominent ;  color  very  light  brown  or  often 
nearly  white,  the  sap-wood  hardly  distinguishable. 

386.  Picea  Sitchensis,  Carr. 

Tide-land  Spruce, 

Alaska,  south  to  Mendocino  County,  California,  not  extending  more 
than  50  miles  inland  from  the  coast. 

A  large  tree  of  great  economic  value,  46  to  61  metres  in  height,  with 
a  trunk  2.40  to  5.19  metres  in  diameter;  gravelly  ridges  and  swamps, 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  Washington  and  Oregon  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River,  here  forming  a  belt  of  nearly  continuous 
forest  growth,  from  10  to  50  miles  in  width. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained,  compact,  satiny ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  few, 
obscure ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  rather  prominent ;  color  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  construction,  interior  finish,  fencing,  boat-building, 
the  dunnage  of  vessels,  cooperage,  wooden-ware,  etc. 

386  a.  Picea  species. 

Alpine  slopes  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon  {Thomas  Howell, 
June,  1884)  ;  probably  very  rare  and  local. 

A  tree  sometimes  exceeding  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  often  1 
metre  in  diameter ;  the  botanical  characters  not  yet  published ;  easily  dis- 


Tsuga. 


CONIFERS. 


129 


tinguished  by  its  long  pendulous  branchlets,  flat  or  slightly  rounded  leaves, 
and  large  cones  with  broad,  spreading,  very  thin,  entire  scales. 
Wood  not  collected. 

387.  Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carr. 
Hemlock. 

Nova  Scotia,  southern  New  Brunswick,  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
River  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Temiscaming,  and  southwest  to  the  western 
borders  of  northern  Wisconsin ;  south  through  the  Northern  States  to 
northern  Delaware,  southeastern  Michigan,  central  Wisconsin,  and  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Alabama. 

A  tree  21  to  33  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.15  metres  in 
diameter ;  dry,  rocky  ridges,  generally  facing  the  north  and  often  forming 
extensive  forests  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  or,  less  com- 
monly, borders  of  swamps  in  deep,  rich  soil ;  most  common  at  the  North, 
and  reaching  its  greatest  individual  development  in  the  high  mountains  of 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse,  crooked-grained,  difficult 
to  work,  liable  to  wind-shake  and  splinter,  not  durable  ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  rather  broad,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  often  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker ;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  and  used  in 
construction  for  outside  finish,  railway-ties,  etc. ;  two  varieties,  red  and 
white,  produced  apparently  under  precisely  similar  conditions  of  growth, 
are  recognized  by  lumbermen. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  the  principal  material  used  in  the  North- 
ern States  in  tanning  leather,  and  yields  a  fluid  extract  sometimes  used 
medicinally  as  a  powerful  astringent. 

388.  Tsuga  Caroliniana,  Engelm. 
Hemlock. 

Southern  Alleghany  region,  North  and  South  Carolina. 

A  small  tree,  12  to  15  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.75 
metre  in  diameter ;  dry,  rocky  ridges  between  4,000  and  5,000  feet  eleva- 
tion ;  rare  and  local. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  narrow,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

389.  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Carr. 
Hemlock. 

Alaska,  south  along  the  islands  and  coast  of  British  Columbia,  and 
through  the  Selkirk,  Gold,  and  other  interior  ranges  to  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains  of  Idaho,  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 

9 


130 


CONIFERJE. 


Tsuga. 


Montana,  extending  south  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  southern  Ore- 
gon and  in  the  Coast  Ranges  between  1,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation,  to 
northern  California. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  61  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  3  metres 
in  diameter ;  low,  moist  bottoms  or  rocky  ridges  ;  very  common  and 
reaching  its  greatest  development  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington, 
often  forming  extensive  forests,  especially  along  the  western  base  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  promi- 
nent; color  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white; 
occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber. 

The  bark,  rich  in  tannin,  is  the  principal  material  used  on  the  north- 
west coast  in  tanning  leather. 

390.  Tsuga  Pattoniana,  Engelm. 

British  Columbia,  south  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  Califor- 
nia Sierras  to  the  headwaters  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  extending  east 
along  the  high  mountains  of  northern  Washington  to  the  western  slopes 
and  summits  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains  of  Idaho, 
and  to  northern  Montana. 

An  alpine  tree,  rarely  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.50  to  2.10 
metres  in  diameter ;  dry  slopes  and  ridges  near  the  limits  of  tree  growth, 
ranging  from  an  elevation  of  2,700  feet  in  British  Columbia  to  10,000 
feet  on  the  Sierras  of  central  California. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  satiny,  susceptible  of  a 
good  polish;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  thin,  not  conspicuous;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  or  red,  the  sap-wood 
nearly  white. 

391.  Pseudotsuga  Dcmglasii,  Carr. 

Med  Fir.    Yellow  Fir.     Oregon  Pine.    Douglas  Fir. 

Coast  Ranges  and  interior  plateau  of  British  Columbia  south  of  lati- 
tude 55°  N.,  east  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  lati- 
tude 51°  N. ;  south  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  Washington,  Oregon, 
the  California  Coast  Ranges,  and  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
on  the  mountain  ranges  east  to  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  the 
Guadalupe  Mountains  of  Texas ;  in  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintah  Moun- 
tains, the  ranges  of  northern  and  eastern  Arizona ;  in  northern  Mexico ; 
not  detected  in  the  interior  region  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  south  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  and  north 
of  Arizona. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.83  to  3.66 
metres  in  diameter,  or  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  much  smaller,  here  rarely 


A bies. 


C0NIFER2E. 


131 


30  metres  in  height ;  the  most  generally  distributed  and  valuable  timber 
tree  of  the  Pacific  region,  growing  from  the  sea-level  to  an  elevation  in 
Colorado  of  nearly  10,000  feet;  often  forming  extensive  forests,  almost 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  species,  and  reaching  in  western  Oregon  and 
Washington  Territory  its  greatest  development  and  value.  A  form  with 
larger  cones  and  narrower  acutish  leaves  (var.  macrocarpa,  Engelm.)  occurs 
in  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuyamaca  Mountains  of  southern  California, 
—  a  small  tree  with  darker-colored,  lighter,  and  less  valuable  wood. 

Wood  hard,  strong,  varying  greatly  with  age  and  conditions  of  growth 
in  density,  quality,  and  amount  of  sap  ;  difficult  to  work,  durable  ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  occupying  fully  one  half  the  width  of  the  annual 
growth,  dark-colored,  conspicuous,  soon  becoming  flinty  and  difficult  to 
cut ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  varying  from  light  red  to 
yellow,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white  ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and 
used  for  all  kinds  of  construction,  railway-ties,  piles,  fuel,  etc.  Two  va- 
rieties, red  and  yellow  fir,  distinguished  by  lumbermen,  are  dependent 
probably  upon  the  age  of  the  tree ;  the  former  coarse-grained,  darker- 
colored,  and  considered  less  valuable  than  yellow  fir. 

The  bark  has  proved  valuable  in  tanning  leather. 

392.  Abies  Fraseri,  Lindl. 

Balsam.    She  Balsam. 

High  Mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

A  tree  18  to  24  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  0.60  metre 
in  diameter ;  moist  slopes  between  5,000  and  6,500  feet  elevation,  often 
forming  considerable  forests  ;  very  local. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  rather  broad,  light-colored,  not  conspicuous ;  medul- 
lary rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  lighter,  nearly 
white. 

393.  Abies  balsamea,  Mill. 

Balsam  Fir.    Balm-of-  Gilead  Fir. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hud- 
son Bay ;  northwest  to  the  Great  Bear  Lake  and  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains ;  south  through  the  Northern  States  to  Pennsylvania, 
central  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  mountains  to 
the  high  peaks  of  Virginia. 

A  tree  21  to  27  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
metre  in  diameter,  or  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low,  prostrate  shrub 
{A.  Hudsonica,  Hort.)  ;  damp  woods  and  mountain  swamps. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact,  not  durable  ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  not  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous ;  medullary 
rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown,  often  streaked  with  yellow, 
the  sap-wood  lighter. 


132 


CONIFERS. 


Abies. 


Canadian  balsam  or  balm  of  fir,  an  aromatic  liquid  oleo-resin  obtained 
from  this  and  other  species  of  Abies  by  puncturing  the  vesicles  formed 
under  the  bark  of  the  stem  and  branches,  is  used  medicinally,  chiefly  in 
the  treatment  of  chronic  catarrhal  affections,  and  in  the  arts. 

394.  Abies  subalpina,  Engelm. 
Balsam. 

Alaska,  south  through  British  Columbia  and  along  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains to  northern  Oregon ;  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  on  the  ranges 
of  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Colorado. 

A  tree  24  to  40  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  0.60 
metre  in  diameter  ;  mountain  slopes  and  canons  between  4,000  (British 
Columbia)  and  12,000  (Colorado)  feet  elevation;  generally  scattered  and 
rarely  forming  the  prevailing  forest  growth. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact ;  bands 
of  small  summer  cells  very  narrow,  not  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure ;  color  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood 
lighter. 

395.  Abies  grandis,  Lindl. 

White  Fir. 

Vancouver's  Island,  south  to  northern  California,  near  the  coast ;  in- 
terior valleys  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon  south  to  the  Umpqua 
River;  Cascade  Mountains  below  4,000  feet  elevation,  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  and  Bitter  Root 
Mountains,  Idaho,  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
northern  Montana. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter ;  most  common  and  reaching  its  greatest  development 
on  the  bottom-lands  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon  in  rich,  moist 
soil  or  on  moist  mountain  slopes  ;  then  much  smaller,  rarely  exceeding 
30  metres  in  height. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broader  than  in  other  American  species,  dark-colored, 
resinous,  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ;  color  light 
brown,  the  sap-wood  rather  lighter;  in  western  Oregon  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  interior  finish,  packing-cases,  cooperage,  etc. 

396.  Abies  concolor,  Lindl.  &  Gord. 

White  Fir.    Balsam  Fir. 

Northern  slopes  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon,  south  along  the 
western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  an<J  San  Ja- 
cinto Mountains,  California ;  high  mountains  of  northern  Arizona  to  the 


Abies.  CONIFERS.  133 

Mogollon  Range,  New  Mexico,  northward  to  the  Pike's  Peak  region  of 
Colorado,  and  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah. 

A  large  tree,  30  to  40  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  1.20  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter ;  moist  slopes  and  canons  between  3,000  and  9,000  feet 
elevation,  reaching  its  greatest  development  in  the  California  Sierras, 
varying  greatly  in  the  color  and  length  of  leaves,  habit,  etc.,  and  perhaps 
only  a  southern  form  of  the  too  nearly  allied  A.  grandis,  from  which  it 
cannot  be  always  readily  distinguished. 

Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  narrow,  resinous,  not  conspicuous ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  obscure ;  color  very  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  the  sap-wood 
somewhat  darker;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for 
packing-cases,  butter-tubs,  and  other  domestic  purposes. 

397.  Abies  bracteata,  Nutt. 
California,  —  Santa  Lucia  Mountains. 

A  tree  46  to  61  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.20  metres  in 
diameter ;  moist,  cold  soil,  occupying  4  or  5  canons  between  3,000  and 
6,000  feet  elevation,  west  of  the  summit  of  the  range. 

Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  coarse-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small  summer 
cells  broad,  resinous,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  obscure ; 
color  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  the  sap-wood  not  seen. 

398.  Abies  amabilis,  Forbes. 

Valley  of  the  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  south  along  the  Cascade 
Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon. 

A  tree  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.20  metres 
in  diameter,  forming  extensive  forests  on  the  mountains  of  British  Colum- 
bia between  3,500  and  5,000  feet,  and  upon  the  mountains  south  of  the 
Columbia  River  between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation,  here  reaching  its 
greatest  development ;  its  northern  range  not  yet  determined. 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  compact ;  bands  of  small 
summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark-colored,  conspicuous  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  thin ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly  white. 

399.  Abies  nobilis,  Lindl. 

Red  Fir. 

Oregon,  —  Cascade  Mountains  from  the  Columbia  River  south  to  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Rogue  River,  summits  of  the  Coast  Range  from  the 
Columbia  to  the  Nestucca  River. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  92  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  metres 
in  diameter,  forming,  with  A.  amabilis,  extensive  forests  along  the 
slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range,  between  3,000  and  4,000  feet  elevation ; 
less  multiplied  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  but  here  reaching  its  greatest  indi- 
vidual development. 


134 


CONIFERiE. 


Abies. 


Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact;  bands  of 
small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark-colored,  conspicuous ;  medullary 
rays  thin,  hardly  distinguishable  ;  color  light  brown  streaked  with  red, 
the  sap-wood  a  little  darker. 

400.  Abies  magnifica,  Murr. 

Bed  Fir. 

California,  —  Mount  Shasta,  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  Kern  County. 

A  large  tree,  61  to  76  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  2.40  to  3  metres 
in  diameter,  forming  about  the  base  of  Mount  Shasta  extensive  forests 
between  4,900  and  8,000  feet  elevation ;  in  the  southern  sierras  less 
common,  here  reaching  an  extreme  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  close-grained,  compact,  satiny, 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  liable  to  twist  and  warp  in  seasoning  ; 
bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  resinous,  dark-colored,  conspicuous ; 
medullary  rays  numerous,  thin ;  color  light  red,  the  sap-wood  somewhat 
darker ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse 
lumber. 

401.  Larix  Americana,  Michx. 

Larch.    Black  Larch.     Tamarack.  Hackmatack. 

Northern  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Hudson 
Bay,  Cape  Churchill,  and  northwest  to  the  northern  shores  of  the  Great 
Bear  Lake  and  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  within  the  Arctic 
Circle  ;  south  through  the  Northern  States  to  northern  Pennsylvania, 
northern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  central  Minnesota. 

A  tree  24  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  moist  uplands  and  intervale  lands,  or,  south  of  the  boundary  of 
the  United  States,  in  cold,  wet  swamps,  often  covering  extensive  areas, 
here  much  smaller  and  less  valuable. 

Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  compact,  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous, 
dark-colored,  conspicuous ;  resin  passages  few,  obscure  ;  medullary  rays 
numerous,  hardly  distinguishable ;  color  light  brown,  the  sap-wood  nearly 
white  ;  preferred  and  largely  used  for  the  upper  knees  of  vessels,  for  ship- 
timbers,  fence-posts,  telegraph-poles,  railway-ties,  etc. 

402.  Larix  occidentalis,  Nutt. 

Tamarack. 

British  Columbia,  Selkirk  and  Gold  Ranges,  south  of  latitude  53°,  south 
along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the  Columbia  River, 
through  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington  Territory  to  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana ;  Blue  Mountains  of 
Washington  and  Oregon. 


Washingtonia. 


PALMiE. 


135 


A  large  tree,  30  to  45  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.90  to  1.50 
metres  in  diameter ;  moist  mountain  slopes  and  benches  between  2,500 
and  5,000  feet  elevation ;  scattered  among  other  trees  and  never  exclu- 
sively forming  forests  ;  very  common  and  perhaps  reaching  its  greatest 
development  in  the  region  north  of  the  Big  Blackfoot  River  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Flathead  River,  Montana  ;  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
timber  tree  of  the  Columbian  basin. 

Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  com- 
pact, satiny,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil ;  bands  of  small  summer  cells  broad,  very  resinous,  dark-colored, 
conspicuous  ;  resin  passages  few,  obscure  ;  medullary  rays  numerous,  thin  ; 
color  light  bright  red,  the  thin  sap-wood  nearly  white ;  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber,  but  principally  used  for  fuel,  posts,  railway- 
ties,  etc. 

403.  Larix  Lyallii,  Pari. 

Eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  northern  Washington,  east 
along  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  to  northern  Montana. 

A  low,  much-branched,  straggling,  alpine  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15 
metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1.50  metres  in  diameter;  dry, 
rocky  soil,  generally  upon  northern  exposures,  and  associated  with  Pinus 
albicaulis  and  Tsuga  Pattoniana  along  the  upper  limits  of  tree  growth 
between  5,500  and  7,000  feet  elevation. 

PALMJE. 

404.  Sabal  Palmetto,  Lodd. 

Cabbage  Tree.     Cabbage  Palmetto. 

North  Carolina,  south  along  the  coast  to  Key  Largo,  Florida,  extend- 
ing along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  Apalachicola  River. 

A  tree  7  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter ;  sandy  maritime  shores  ;  very  common  and  reaching  its  greatest 
development  upon  the  west  coast  of  the  Florida  peninsula  south  of  Cedar 
Keys. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  hard,  difficult  to  work,  dark- 
colored  ;  color  light  brown ;  impervious  to  the  attacks  of  the  Teredo,  and 
largely  used  for  wharf-piles,  etc. 

405.  "Washingtonia  nlifera,  Wend. 

Fan-leaf  Palm. 

California,  —  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains 
to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River. 

A  tree  12  to  18  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  1.05  metres  in 
diameter,  forming  groves  of  250  to  500  plants  in  the  depressions  of  the 


t 


136 


LILIACEiE. 


Thrinax. 


desert,  in  moist  alkaline  soil,  or  solitary  and  scattered  near  the  heads  of 
small  ravines  formed  by  watercourses ;  often  stunted  and  greatly  injured 
by  fire. 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  hard,  difficult  to  cut,  dark- 
colored,  conspicuous. 

406.  Thrinax  parvifLora,  Sw. 

Silk-top  Palmetto. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  small  tree,  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
0.10  metre  in  diameter,  or  in  pine-barren  soil  often  low  and  stemless 
(P.  Garberi,  Chapm.). 

Wood  light,  soft ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  small,  hard,  not  conspicuous ; 
color  light  brown ;  the  trunk  used  in  making  sponge-  and  turtle-crawls. 

407.  Thrinax  argentea,  Lodd. 

Silver-top  Palmetto.    Brickley  Thatch.    Brittle  Thatch. 

Southern  keys  of  semi-tropical  Florida ;  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  small  tree,  7  to  9  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.15  to  0.20  metre 
in  diameter. 

Wood  light,  soft;  fibro-vascular  bundles  small,  very  numerous ;  interior 
of  the  trunk  spongy,  much  lighter  than  the  exterior ;  used  for  piles,  the 
foliage  in  the  manufacture  of  ropes,  for  thatch,  etc. 

408.  Oreodoxa  regia,  HBK. 

Royal  Palm. 

Semi-tropical  Florida,  —  hummocks  near  Cape  Romano  to  the  south- 
ern keys  ;  in  the  West  Indies. 

A  tree  18  to  30  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  metre  in  diameter  ; 
rich  hummocks,  often  forming  extensive  groves;  in  Florida  rare  and 
local. 

Wood  heavy,  hard ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  large,  very  dark,  conspicu- 
ous ;  interior  of  the  trunk  spongy,  much  lighter  than  the  exterior ;  color 
brown. 

LILIACEiE. 

409.  Yucca  canaliculata,  Hook. 

Spanish  Bayonet. 

Texas,  —  Matagorda  Bay,  and  from  the  Brazos  and  Guadalupe  Rivers 
to  the  Rio  Grande ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  small  tree,  5  to  8  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.30  to  0.75  metre 
in  diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly,  arid  soil. 


Yucca. 


LILIACE^E. 


137 


Wood,  like  that  of  the  whole  genus,  showing  distinct  marks  of  con- 
centric arrangement,  fibrous,  spongy,  heavy,  difficult  to  cut  and  work  ; 
color  light  brown. 

The  bitter,  sweetish  fruit  is  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Mexicans ;  the 
root  stock,  as  in  the  whole  genus,  is  saponaceous  and  largely  used  by 
the  Mexicans  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

410.  Yucca  brevifolia,  Engelm. 
The  Joshua.    Joshua  Tree. 

Southwestern  Utah,  northwestern  Arizona  to  southern  Nevada,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Mohave  River,  California. 

A  tree  6  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  to  0.90  metre  in 
diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly  soil ;  forming  upon  the  Mohave  Desert,  at  2,500 
feet  elevation,  an  open,  straggling  forest. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work ;  color  very  light  brown  or 
nearly  white  ;  sometimes  manufactured  into  paper-pulp. 

411.  Yucca  elata,  Engelm. 

Western  Texas  to  southern  Arizona  and  Utah  ;  southward  into  Mexico. 
A  small  tree,  3  to  5  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.20  to  0.25  metre 
in  diameter  ;  dry,  gravelly  slopes. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy  ;  color  light  brown  or  yellow. 

412.  Yucca  baccata,  Torr. 

Spanish  Bayonet.    Mexican  Banana. 

Western  Texas,  south  of  latitude  32°  N.,  west  through  New  Mexico 
to  southern  Colorado  and  southern  California ;  in  northern  Mexico. 

A  tree  7  to  12  metres  in  height,  with  a  trunk  0.60  metre  in  diameter,  or 
often  much  smaller,  and  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  stem- 
less  ;  forming  upon  the  plains  of  Presidio  County,  Texas,  extensive  open 
forests. 

Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work  ;  color  light  brown. 

The  large  juicy  edible  fruit  is  an  important  article  of  food  to  Mexicans 
and  Indians  ;  a  strong  coarse  fibre,  prepared  by  macerating  the  leaves  in 
water,  is  manufactured  into  rope  in  Mexico. 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES 

OF  THE 

WOODS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  various  processes  by  which  the  physical  properties  of  the  woods  of 
the  United  States  were  determined  by  Mr.  Sharpies,  in  connection  with 
the  Census  investigation,  are  fully  set  forth  in  Vol.  IX.  of  the  final 
Reports  of  the  Tenth  Census.  This  volume  may  not  be  accessible  to  all 
persons  who  may  have  occasion  to  use  the  following  tables,  and  the 
methods  therefore  adopted  in  attaining  these  results  are  here  briefly 
described. 

The  specific  gravity,  ash,  and  fuel  value  of  the  wood  of  every  indige- 
nous arborescent  species  of  the  United  States,  with  seven  unimportant 
exceptions,  were  determined.  The  specific  gravity  was  obtained  by 
weighing  carefully  measured  specimens,  100  millimetres  long  and  about 
35  millimetres  square,  previously  subjected  to  a  temperature  of  100°  C. 
until  their  weight  became  constant.  The  ash  is  given  in  percentages  of 
the  dry  wood,  and  was  determined  by  burning  small  blocks  of  the  wood 
in  a  muffle  furnace  at  a  low  temperature. 

The  relative  approximate  fuel  value  of  any  wood  is  obtained  by 
deducting  its  percentage  of  ash  from  its  specific  gravity  ;  and  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  result  thus  obtained  is  based  upon  the  hypothesis  first 
proposed  by  Count  Rumford,  that  the  value  .  of  equal  weights  of  all 
woods  for  fuel  is  the  same.  It  would  be  more  correct,  however,  to  say 
that  the  fuel  value  of  the  organic  matter  in  all  woods  is  approximately 
the  same. 

Wood  is  made  up  of  two  factors,  —  organic  matter,  composed  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  with  a  small  amount  of  nitrogen,  and  a  still 
smaller  amount  of  sulphur ;  and  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  —  ash,  as  it 
is  generally  called,  —  without  value  as  fuel.  The  specific  gravity  represents 
the  weight  of  equal  volumes  of  wood ;  and  if  from  the  specific  gravity  the 
weight  of  the  ash,  which  varies  greatly  in  different  species,  is  deducted, 


142        THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


the  relative  fuel  value  will  be  obtained.  A  wood  free  from  ash,  there- 
fore, having  the  specific  gravity  of  1.000,  would  represent  the  unit  of  fuel 
value,  the  specimens  being  free  from  hygroscopic  water. 

.  If  the  values  thus  obtained  are  multiplied  by  4,000,  the  results  will 
give  very  nearly,  except  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  resinous  woods,  the 
number  of  units  of  heat  which  a  cubic  decimetre  of  the  wood  is  capable 
of  yielding,  —  a  unit  of  heat  being  the  amount  required  to  raise  one  kilo- 
gramme of  water  one  degree  Centigrade.  The  fuel  value  of  any  wood  is 
often  modified  by  other  conditions  than  its  weight  and  percentage  of  ash. 
Perfect  combustion  is  rarely  attainable.  Resinous  woods,  especially,  are 
seldom  perfectly  consumed,  much  carbon  escaping  in  the  form  of  smoke. 
The  moisture  which  always  occurs  in  the  firewood  of  commerce  must  also 
be  considered.  Wood  when  first  cut  often  contains  as  much  as  50  per  cent 
of  its  weight  of  water,  and  air-dried  wood  may  generally  be  expected  to 
contain  at  least  20  per  cent.  The  heat  necessary  to  distil  this  is,  of  course, 
lost  in  combustion. 

The  strength  and  power  to  resist  compression  of  the  principal  timbers 
produced  in  the  forests  of  the  United  States  were  determined  by  Mr. 
Sharpies  in  the  course  of  the  Census  investigation. 

A  stick  being  supported  at  each  end  and  weights  being  applied  to  it, 
it  is  bent  or  deflected  in  proportion  to  each  addition  of  weight  within  a 
certain  limit,  which  differs  in  different  species  of  wood.  This  limit  is 
called  the  elastic  limit  of  the  wood.  When  the  elastic  limit  is  exceeded, 
the  ratio  of  deflection  is  in  excess  of  that  previously  produced  by  the  addi- 
tion of  similar  weight.  If  the  elasticity  of  a  given  stick  under  weights 
which  do  not  strain  it  beyond  this  limit  is  known,  the  deflection  of  any 
other  stick,  of  the  same  wood,  may  be  calculated  by  means  of  the  following 
formula :  — 

p  _  PI* 

E  is  the  coefficient  of  elasticity  ;  P,  the  weight  applied  in  kilogrammes  ; 
I,  the  length  of  the  stick  in  centimetres ;  b,  the  width  of  the  stick  in  cen- 
timetres ;  d,  the  depth  of-  the  stick  in  centimetres ;  A,  its  deflection  in 
centimetres. 

Any  five  of  these  being  known,  the  value  of  the  sixth  may  be  calcu- 
lated. E  has  been  determined  for  many  woods,  and  its  value  is  given 
in  the  fourth  column  of  Table  I. 

If  the  deflection  of  a  stick  under  a  given  weight  is  required,  it  can  be 
obtained  by  using  the  formula 


PI* 
A  ~~  4Ehri*' 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


143 


It  is  often  desirable  to  know  what  is  the  ultimate  strength  of  a  given 
stick.    This  is  obtained  by  the  following  formula :  — 


in  which  P,  I,  b,  and  d  have  the  same  value  as  in  the  preceding  formulas. 
R  is  given  in  the  fifth  column  of  Table  I.  as  the  Modulus  of  Rupture. 
In  this  formula  P  will  most  generally  be  the  unknown  quantity,  and  can 
be  obtained  by  using  this  formula,  — 

2bd*R 
3/  * 

Wood  may  be  compressed  in  a  direction  either  parallel  or  perpendicu- 
lar to  its  fibres.  The  Latter  is  known  as  indentation.  When  a  stick  is 
compressed  in  the  direction  parallel  to  its  fibres,  if  its  length  does  not  ex- 
ceed ten  or  twelve  times  its  diameter,  it  generally  fails  by  the  crushing  of 
the  fibres ;  and  the  force  necessary  to  produce  such  crushing  is  propor- 
tionate to  the  area  of  the  cross-section  of  the  stick.  The  figures  in  the 
sixth  column  of  Table  I.  give  the  weight  in  kilogrammes  necessary  to 
produce  such  crushing  in  sticks  of  the  different  species  one  centimetre 
square.  In  order  to  find  the  weight  any  given  stick  will  support,  the 
number  in  the  column  should  be  multiplied  by  the  number  of  square  cen- 
timetres in  the  end  of  the  stick.  The  force  necessary  to  sink  a  punch 
one  centimetre  square  to  the  depth  of  1.27  millimetres  perpendicular  to 
the  fibre  of  the  wood  of  the  different  species,  is  given  in  the  seventh  col- 
umn of  Table  I.  The  force  necessary  to  produce  indentation  is  propor- 
tionate to  the  surface  of  the  punch  or  the  surface  exposed  to  its  action. 

For  further  information  in  regard  to  the  formulas  relating  to  the 
physical  properties  of  wood,  the  reader  is  referred  to  :  — 

The  Materials  of  Engineering.  Part  I.  pp.  37-153.  Robert  H. 
Thurston.    New  York,  1883. 

Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials.  De  Volson  Wood.  New 
York,  1871. 


144  THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


TABLE  I. 


Specific  Gravity,  Percentage  of  Ash,  Relative  Approximate  Fuel  Value,  Coefficient 
of  Elasticity,  Modulus  of  Rupture,  Resistance  to  Pressure,  and  Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot  of  the  Woods  of  the  United  States. 


Number. 

Gravity. 

;  of  Ash. 

Approxi- 
Value. 

of  Bias- 

"Rupture 

to  Longi- 
essure. 

tolnden- 

a  Cubic 
unds. 

V 

Species. 

bO 

"3 

's 

0 

S 

C  PL, 

talogi 

rcent 

lativt 
ite  Fi 

efficie 
ity. 

>dulu 

.S£  .c 

si  star 
:ion. 

£.£ 

'5  © 

Ot 

oa 

Pm 

&  a 

S 

&2 

■  

1 

1 

0  6360 

0.53 

0.6326 

Q0830 

792 

482 

197 

39.64 

4 

Magnolia  glauca  

0.5035 

0.47 

05011 

91299 

424 

102 

31  38 

Q 
O 

0  4690 

0.29 

0.4676 

92817 

671 

415 

107 

29.23 

A 
"± 

Magnolia  cordata  ....... 

0.4139 

0.32 

0.4126 

94073 

600 

410 

89 

25.78 

K 
O 

0  6309 

0.35 

0  5290 

116854 

696 

489 

130 

83.09 

0 

0  4487 

0  4478 

583 

366 

84 

27.96 

i 

0.5003 

0.28 

0.4989 

94462 

707 

418 

123 

31.18 

Q 

o 

0  4230 

0.23 

0.4220 

92667 

372 

82 

26  36 

9 

0  3969 

0.21 

0.3961 

48179 

391 

212 

69 

24  78 

10 

0  5053 

4.86 

0.4807 

60113 

607 

302 

127 

81 .49 

11 

0  6971 

4.76 

0.6639 

43.44 

12 

v^aiiciid  <iiUci  

0.9893 

1.75 

0.9720 

111698 

1026 

782 

573 

61.65 

13 

14 

0.4728 

0.76 

0.4692 

79414 

670 

387 

99 

29.46 

15 

16 

0.7*142 

1.69 

0.7021 

44.50 

17 

Tilia  Americana  

0.4525 

0.55 

0.4500 

84010 

689 

348 

63 

28.20 

171 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens  .  . 

0.4074 

0.65 

0.4048 

81111 

560 

405 

59 

25.39 

18 

0  4253 

0.62 

0.4227 

84659 

577 

394 

68 

26.50 

19 

0  5888 

2.46 

0.5743 

52503 

424 

391 

210 

36.69 

20 

1,1482 

0.82 

1.1338 

86324 

787 

737 

793 

71  24 

21 

1,1101 

0.51 

1.1044 

22 

Xanthoxylum  Americanuni    .    .  . 

0.5654 

0.57 

0.5622 

85.24 

23 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  .    .  . 

0.5056 

0.82 

0.5015 

72577 

640 

449 

159 

31.51 

231 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  var. 

0.5967 

0.76 

0.5922 

24 

Xanthoxylum  Caribseum  .... 

0  9002 

2.02 

0.8820 

86755 

754 

685 

373 

56.09 

25 

0  7444 

0.78 

0.7386 

46.39 

26 

0.8319 

0.30 

08294 

51.84 

27 

0  6885 

6.33 

0.6518 

42.91 

28 

0,4136 

0.93 

0.4098 

93217 

664 

426 

86 

25.78 

29 

Barsera  gummifera  

0.3003 

2.04 

0.2942 

41694 

148 

155 

47 

18.71 

30 

1 .0459 

0.69 

1.0397 

108507 

1305 

748 

650 

65.18 

31 

0.7282 

1.09 

0.7203 

106272 

1003 

666 

809 

45.38 

32 

0.9196 

0.73 

0.9129 

67.31 

33 

0,6818 

0.76 

0.5774 

64317 

686 

419 

176 

36.26 

34 

Ilex  Dahoon  

0.4806 

0.91 

0.4762 

64192 

672 

349 

113 

29.95 

341 

Ilex  Dahoon,  var.  myrtifolia  .    .  . 

0.5873 

0.90 

0.5820 

36.60 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


145 


Species. 


35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

65 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

641 

65 

66 

661 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

711 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 


Ilex  Cassine  

Ilex  decidua  

Cyrilla  racemiflora  

Cliftonia  ligustrina  .  .  .  .  . 
Euonymus  atropurpureus  .  . 

Myginda  pallens  • 

Schaafferia  frutescens  

Reynosia  latifolia  

Condalia  ferrea  

Condalia  obovata  

Rhamnus  Caroliniana  .  .  ■ 
Rhamnus  Californica  .... 
Rhamnus  Purshiana  .  .  .  . 
Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus  .  .  . 
Colubrina  reclinata  .... 

JEsculus  glabra  

iEseulus  flava  

iEseulus  Californica  .... 

Ungnadia  speciosa  

Sapindus  marginatus  .... 
Sapindus  Saponaria  .... 
Hypelate  panieulata  .... 

Hypelate  trifoliata  

Acer  Pennsylvanicum     .    .  . 

Acer  spicatum  

Acer  macrophyllum  .... 

Acer  circinatum  

Acer  glabrum  

Acer  grandidentatum  .... 
Acer  saccharinum  ..... 
Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nigrum 

Acer  dasycarpum  

Acer  rubrum  

Acer  rubrum,  var.  Drummondii 
Negundo  aceroides .    . .  .    •  • 
Negundo  Californicum    .    .  . 

Rhus  cotinoides  

Rhus  typhina  '  

Rhus  copallina  

Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata 

Rhus  venenata  

Rhus  Metopium  

Pistacia  Mexicana  

Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa    .  . 

Dalea  spincsa  

Robinia  Pseudacacia  .... 

Robinia  viscosa  

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana  .    .  • 

Olneya  Tesota  

Piscidia  Erythrina  

Cladrastis  tinctoria  .... 
Sophora  secundiflora  .... 
Sophora  affinis  .  .  .  .  •  • 
Gymnocladus  Canadensis  .  . 
Gleditschia  triacanthos   .    .  . 


0.7270 

0.7420 

0.6784 

0.6249 

0.6592 

0.9048 

0.7745 

1.0715 

1.3020 

1.1999 

0.5462 

0.6000 

0.5672 

0.5750 

0.8208 

0.4542 

0.4274 

0.4980 

0.6332 

0.8126 

0  8367 

0.9533 

0.9102 

0.5299 

0.5330 

04909 

0.6660 

0.6028 

0.6902 

0.6912 

0.6915 

0.5269 

0.6178 

0.5459 

0.4328 

0.4821 

0.6425 

0  4357 

0.5273 

0.5184 

0.4382 

0.7917 


0.87 

0.70 

0.42 

0.42 

0.58 

3.42 

2.54 

3.20 

8.31 

7.03 

0.64 

0.58 

0.67 

0.69 

1.75 

0.86 

1.00 

0.70 

1.17 

1  50 

4.34 

1.25 

1.38 

0.36 

0.43 

0.54 

0.39 

0.30 

0.64 

0.54 

0.71 

0.33 

0.37 

0.34 

1.07 

0.54 

0.50 

0.50 

0.60 

0.85 

064 

2.39 


0.8740 
0.5536 
0.7333 
0.8094 
0.8034 
1.0602 
0  8734 
0.6278 
0.9842 
0.8509 
0.6934 
0.6740 


0.7207 

0.7368 

0.6756 

0.6223 

0.6554 

0.8739 

0.7548 

1.0372 

1.1938 

1.1155 

0.5427 

0.5965 

0.5634 

0.5710 

0.8064 

0.4503 

0.4231 

0.4945 

0.6258 

0.8004 

0.8004 

0.9414 

0.8976 

0.5280 

0.5307 

0.4882 

0.6634 

0.6010 

0.6858 

0.6875 

0.6866 

05252 

0.6155 

0.5440 

0.4282 

0.4795 

0.6393 

0.4835 

0.5241 

05140 

0.4354 

0.7728 


1.28 
4.04 
0.51 
0.20 
0.60 
2.29 
3.38 
0.28 
1.59 
078 
067 
0.80 


O  O 


48828 
78250 


ll 


314 
626  371 


105005 
114310 


74084 
91268 


0.8628 
0.5312 
0  7296 
0  8078 
0.7986 
1.0359 
0.8439 
0.6260 
0.9686 
0.8443 
0.6888 
0.6686 


97656 
64438 

68216 

83681 

111144 


78032 
71810 


820 
904 


147 


£67 
750 


1216 
494 

635 

843 

1*190 


146108 
102726 
110973 
94284 


58156 
94532 


73647 
105007 


129238 

114889 

86822 
85079 
100226 

97694 
104822 
108579 


684 
766 


839 
803 

444 

621 


639 
649 

136 

192 


313 

355 
394 
470 


439 


71 

108 
149 
272 


384 


381 
459 


162 
200 


1149 
962 

1019 
811 


529 
796 


603 


656 


1273 


909 
750 
752 
902 


811 
771 

923 


619 

550 
482 
463 


257 
252 
181 
176 


322 
442 


111 
107 


377 
479 


109 
126 


533 


209 


45.31 

46.24 

43.28 

38.95 

41.08 

56.39 

48.27 

66.78 

81.14 

74.78 

34.04 

37.39 

35.35 

35.83 

51.15 

28.31 

26.64 

31.04 

39.46 

50.64 

52.14 

59.41 

56.72 

33.02 

33.22 

30.59 

41.51 

37.57 

43.01 

43.08 

43.09 

32.84 

38  50 

34.02 

26.97 

30.04 

40.04 

27.15 

32.86 

32.31 

27.31 

49.34 


694 


258 


683 
366 
597 
534 


271 

655 
337 
183 


570 
400 
500 


334 
160 
168 


5447 
34.50 
45.70 
50.44 
50.07 
66.07 
54.43 
39.12 
61.34 
53.03 
43.21 
42.00 


10 


146  THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES 


OF  THE  WOODS 


jue  Number. 

Species. 

;  Gravity. 

age  of  Ash. 

e  Approxi- 
uel  Value. 

ent  of  Elas- 

is  of  Rupture. 

nee  to  Longi- 
Pressure. 

oce  to  Inden- 

of  a  Cubic 
Pounds. 

J  Catalog 

Specific 

Percen 1 

Relativ 
mate  F 

Coeffici 
ticity. 

Moduli 

Resista 
tudinal 

Resista 
tation. 

Weight 
Foot  in 

ft7 
0/ 

Parkinsonia  Torreyana  

A  7Q/(o 

A  TO 

U.7o 

A  TOCO 

116991 

1027 

KQA 

oo4 

z/6 

a  k  '•a 
45.  /O 

88 

A  A^oi 

119 
1  1Z 

A  A4  K.G 
U.0400 

55839 

040 

A  1  7 
41  / 

ZZO 

AC\  '"A 
4U.  iU 

GO 

3.64 

0.7178 

46.42 

on 

O  oo 
Z.oZ 

A  COT/1 

u.oy < 4 

oO.  11 

Q1 

V  1 

0.72 

0.6317 

68798 

*26 

a  nc\ 
40y 

182 

39.65 

Q9 
ifZ 

A  T'xIO 

0.77 

0.7455 

4o  02 

QQ 

a  7AK.9 

O  1  Q 
Z.10 

A  74 QK. 

U.  I  400 

5oz9  / 

400 

<^ftft 
000 

QA  Q 

o4o 

A  7  AO 

4  /  .oy 

Q4 

a  7cno 

0.95 

A  7K07 

U.  t  ool 

82424 

CAJ 

o94 

C71 

071 

000 
oz9 

An  Act 
4/  AZ 

oo 

a  ooon 
U  VZoo 

o  on 

o.Zy 

0.8931 

A.T 

Ol.OO 

QA 

1  A 1 
1  Ul 

a  p.  a  a  a 
U.0004 

A  1  OK 

4  l.yo 

07 
o  / 

A  OQflO 

A  HO 

U  Oo 

A  QQQQ 

u.yooo 

00.00 

oo 

A  8^£.A 

A  Ul 

u.y  i 

A  G470 
U.04  ( Z 

1  AQr,A7 
lVOuVl 

7Q9 
ivZ 

74Q 
( 4o 

W  Oft 
Oo.ZO 

QQ 

yy 

100 

Pithecolobiuni  Unguis-cati  .... 

A  A41  8 

9  19 
Z.1Z 

A  A9G9 
U.OZOZ 

A  AAA/i 
40U04 

Ooo 

401 

1  71 
1  / 1 

4A  AA 

1U1 

A  C\f\A  A 

2.46 

U.OOZo 

K.A  QA 

00.  oy 

102 

A  77AQ 

A  ft7 
U.O  i 

A  7A49 
V.  t  U'lZ 

1 1 AOTQ 

i iuy / O 

OA1 
VOl 

991 
ZZ1 

48  A4 
4  0  04 

ioq 

lUo 

A  TO  1  K 

A  1  Q 

A  TO  AO 

U.  i  zvz 

82659 

Ol'  A 

004 

p;ftft 

000 

01  O 
Zio 

4  1  OA 

44  yo 

104 

l\J-± 

A  A8ft4 

A  Oft 

U.Z0 

A  AftAn. 

u.oooo 

AAOQ  1 
0UZ01 

A  Aft 
400 

JA9 

1  QQ 

49  OA 
4Z  u\J 

io^. 

AUO 

A  r,f>OQ 

A  AC\ 

U.4U 

A  r,nno 
U  OUUo 

ACV7 

1 AQ 
lUo 

Q1  QA 
ol  oU 

10A 

J.UO 

A  UOAO 

A  1  O 

U.1Z 

A  ftl  OO 

U.Olyz 

AQU 
4;»0 

Q/tO 
o4Z 

ti  11 
01.11 

IV 1 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis    .  . 

A  A  KAO 

U.40UZ 

A  01 

U.Z1 

A  440Q 

U.44yo 

OOUOO 

ATA 

o/» 

A  A  A 
40U 

GA 
OU 

Oft  AA 
ZO.UO 

108 
ivo 

A  r.coo 

n  it 

u.  lo 

A  K.G1  O 
U.OOlrf 

Q(!QOO 

ooooo 

ftOQ 

ezy 

^17 
04  / 

9  A  i 
ZU4 

QA  Oft 
OO.ZO 

ioq 

XUJ7 

A  7ft7Q 

A  OA 
U.ZU 

A  7ftAQ 
V.  /  ©Oo 

OoO 

979 
Zl  z 

40  10 

1 10 
1  1  v 

A  AQK.1 

U  Oyol 

A  r;A 
U.0U 

A  AQ1  A 

u.oy  io 

tacap; 
/OoUO 

oy  1 

^1  A 
O  1U 

94  A 
Z40 

4Q  Q9 
4o.  oZ 

1  1 1 
ill 

A  QtfQQ 

0.41 

A  OA  CO 

U.OOOZ 

93727 

aoq 
yzO 

OOZ 

Ol  Q 

olO 

^4  14 
04. 14 

119 
11Z 

a  qaoq 

A  Q*7 

0.o7 

A  CO  OA 

v.ovzv 

PiA  Aft 
00. UO 

1 1  Q 

1  19 

A  UQAQ 

A  7Q 

0.  to 

A  ATOT 

U.y/Z< 

TOOA1 

7ozUl 

7CO 

t  cZ 

£>AA 
044 

OAK 

oUO 

A1  AQ 

01  .uy 

1  14 

1    1  07  4 

1   A  K 

1.45 

i  i  oao 

1.1  zuy 

7A  ftft 
i  U.OO 

1 1  n 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius  

1  A7Q1 

1  A4 
1.U4 

1  AA 1  Q 

i  uoiy 

OOO 

40U 

AA  88 
DO.OO 

I  1  A 

I I  O 

A  flOfiC 

A  A  C. 

U.40 

A  OOOO 

K.S  QA 

117 
1 1  / 

A  1C\A  Q 

a  r,o 
U.0Z 

A  TA1 1 
U.  /Ul  1 

A/lO/i  1 
04Z41 

400 

A~\  Q 

4iy 

9^A 
ZOU 

4°  09 

4o.yz 

118 

Pyrns  angustifolia  

A  floor, 
U.ooyo 

A  OO 

U.oo 

A  AftTO 
U.00IZ 

49  07 

1 1 Q 

Pyrus  rivularis  

A  QQ1  A 

U.OolO 

A  A  1 
U  41 

A  ftOftO 

u.ozoz 

^1  ftQ 

190 

A  ",1 

A  GQ 
U  OO 

U.04U0 

QftA 

oou 

117 
1  1  i 

QQ  07 

00.  y  i 

191 

1Z  1 

Pyrus  sambuci folia  

A  K.OOG 

U.oyzo 

A  OC. 

U.oO 

A  £<lflft 

u.oyuo 

AOAAA 
OZOUU 

AAr\ 

QftQ 
0O0 

1  A7 
1U/ 

QA  Ol 

00  y4 

1  99 
i  ZZ 

A  77AO 

a  or 
U.oO 

A  7C7/: 

U.  /  0  /  0 

4ft  AA 
40. UU 

19Q 
i  zo 

A  AOK.A 

A  OQ 

U.oo 

A  AQ97 

u.oyz/ 

*  ' 

'  * 

4Q  Ql 

1  91 
1Z1 

Crataegus  brachyacantha  .... 

A  fi7nO 

0.07  ao 

U.4Z 

A  ATt;  A 
U.0/04 

49  QQ 
4Z.OO 

19^ 
1Z9 

A  Kfl 
U.OO 

A  A/I 
U.04 04 

TOQOT 

/  OOo  I 

fi91 
0Z1 

IQft 

4yo 

1  Qi 
104 

4A  4<a 
4U.40 

19A 
1Z0 

ATI  CiA 

A  P.H 

U.OO 

A  T1  KA 

U.  / 104 

OOJoO 

OOo 

4oU 

91  A 
Z1U 

44  GQ 
44.09 

127 

0  8618 

0.38 

0.8585 

53.71 

128 

0  7953 

0.69 

0.7898 

90023 

738 

538 

263 

49.56 

129 

Crataegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata  . 

0,7585 

0.52 

0  7546 

73160 

709 

445 

240 

47.57 

1291 

0.7681 

0.47 

0.7645 

47.87 

130 

Crataegus  cordata  

0.7293 

0.46 

0.7259 

45  45 

131 

0.7453 

0.97 

0.7381 

46.45 

132 

Crataegus  spathulata  

0.7159 

0.66 

0.7112 

67349 

506 

455 

218 

44.61 

133 

134 

0  6564 

0.57 

0.6527 

59185 

712 

445 

224 

40.91 

135 

0  7809 

0.79 

0  7747 

48.67 

1351 

Crataegus  flava,  var.  pubescens    .  . 

0.7683 

0.91 

0.7613 

70765 

724 

527 

319 

47.88 

136 

Heteromeles  arbutifolia  

0.9326 

0.54 

0.9276 

58.12 

137 

Amelanehier  Canadensis  .... 

0  7838 

0.55 

0.7795 

119677 

1132 

670 

280 

48.85 

138 

Hamamelis  Virginiea  

0.6856 

0.37 

42.73 

139 

0,5909 

0.61 

0.5873 

86088 

651 

466 

132 

86.82 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  147 


ie  Number. 

Species. 

>> 
o 

ige  of  Ash. 

at  of  Elas- 

i  ofRupture. 

re  to  Longi- 
Pressure. 

ce  to  Inden- 

of  a  Cubic 
Pounds. 

B 

o 
"3 

o 

1 

a 

V 

3)  S 

.2i 

i£ 

s 

9 
-73 

p 

p 

a  ■ 
.2,  o 

£.2 

"3 

Pi 

Kl 

w  S 

c  '3 

© 

11 

a  S 

1  4A 
14U 

1  1  A  1  7 

1  89 

Jl  .O^J 

1  14flA 
1 .14UD 

1  907 

8AA 
OOU 

79  40 

1 ,1 1 

a  uooa 

A  39 

A  CittfiB 

1 A941 1 

049 

oyy 

Q7A 
O  l  U 

A1  7A 

149 
14Z 

A  7  1  X7 

1.62 

A  7A91 

793QA 

OlO 

44<t 

4^y 

140 
14y 

44  48 

44. 40 

l4o 

A  SO  09 

3.32 

66.04 

1  44 
144 

a  qqaa 

1  ^O 

A  U99A 

1  Ar>^ 

1UOO 

887 
00  / 

30A 

oyo 

£>8  93 

A  UQUQ 

0  74 

A  8Q1  7 

u  oyi  < 

07 

1  4A 
1-10 

A  01  ^fi 

1  80 

A  BQftQ 

1  A8r^A7 

1 1  79 
lit-. 

000 

4A8 
4U0 

f\7  OA 

O  I  .Ul» 

14/ 

1  193^ 
1.1  ZOO 

3  48 

O40 

1  A844 
1.U044 

7A  A9 
i  U.UZ 

1  48 
140 

Eugenia  procera  

a  04^3 
u.y4oo 

9  A9 

A  Q9Ar"> 

1101 11 

1 1  7A 
1 1  (  O 

A79 
O  /  Z 

AAA 
444 

^8  01 

OO.  • '  1 

1 .10 
14t> 

A  Q1  QQ 

*J  4^ 

A  QA7K 

10  87 

10U 

A  AA^A 

U.4  I 

A  ARAO 

41  73 

4  1  .  1  O 

10  L 

a  ci  fcq 

A  A7 

A  8AUW 

891 19 

QA4 

VU4 

^34 
Oo4 

OUO 

r^0  81 

10Z 

A  7  A  ft  1 

A  ^O 
u.ou 

A  7444 
U.  i  444 

1  fl^A8 1 

JUOUo 1 

O01 

<;AQ 
or  o 

949 
Z4Z 

4K  A9 

io?j 

Nyssa  oapitata  

U.401O 

A  34 

A  4f\A7 

A8A8'-i 

£89 

4Q1 

1  ^ 
1  OO 

98  7^ 

lO* 

A  «QK£i 

0.52 

A  AQ9Q 

81 8°>9 

83A 

4R8 

S  OO 

1  OA 

39.61 

1 

100 

Nyssa  unifiora  

U.01W4 

A  7A 
U.  (  u 

U.OlOO 

M  A78 

A^^ 
uoo 

^A^ 
oOO 

1 A1 
101 

39  37 

A  i"»A87 

1  R7 

A  K>flA7 
v.OUU  i 

<?r,rki  7 

OvOJL  ( 

^7A 

Z  /  O 

1  38 
lOO 

31  70 

1  ^7 
10  l 

A  /i  <;  i  i 

9  OA 

A  4  >V/9 

98  7f» 
Z ~.  I  o 

1  ^8 

loo 

Viburnum  Lentago  

A  7QAQ 
U.  /  OUo 

A  9Q 

A  7989 

000 

4^  M 

lO-i 

A  W--!Q9 

A  ^9 

U.OZ 

A  898Q 

V'Ui)04 

OM 
•  '0  1 

fx09 

Oi'Z 

o  1  o 

<=.1  03 
oi  .yo 

1  KA 

1UU 

Exostema  Caribseutn  

A  O-J  1  C\ 

A  9*3 

A  0980 

1 1  OQ^w 
1 1 WOO / 

1  A<'^ 
Jul  u 

7^1 
/  01 

481 
40 1 

^8  09 

1 A1 

lOl 

Pinckneya  pubens  

A  <">OKA 
U.O-jOU 

A  41 

U.4  I 

A  l\0 9Q 

U.OoZO 

A8901 

uozy  i 

40^ 
4UO 

979 

Z  i  z 

1  A^> 
1UO 

33  34. 
0O.O4; 

1  AO 

1  AQ1A 

1  UolO 

1  AA 
1  .uu 

1  A9A7 

A4  90 

U4.Z«' 

1  A3 

JLUO 

Guettarda  elliptica  

A  BO'^7 

1  A^ 

l.VO 

A  89riA 

M  OA 

1  Al 

A  7£!  1  A 

A  '^Q 

A  7^«A 

QOQ 

970 
Z  i 

47  43 

4  (  .40 

A  7*\f\A 

A  4fi 

U.40 

A  74 t\r\ 
U.  /  400 

81  38A 

A70 

d  <  y 

4  87 
^O  / 

99^ 
ZZO 

4A  74. 

4U-  1 4 

1  AA 

IUU 

A  7A,",0 

A  4A 

A  7A94 
U.  /  UZ4 

8>:!8^4 

OA7 

yu  / 

^A9 
OUZ 

9A7 
ZU/ 

43  Q^L 

4o. yo 

1A7 

A  7AQQ 

A  9A 

A  7A«1 

A1  ri77 

A18 

4(^1 
4U1 

947 
Z4  1 

44  94. 

168 

Arbutus  Texana  

A  7\Afk 

u.  low 

U.O  1 

A  74A9 
U.  t  40Z 

41'.  74. 

4U.  4  4 

1  AO 

U  /40o 

A  37 

A  74QA 
U.  / 4ou 

888M 

r98 
I  ZD 

f^AI 
OU1 

901 
ZU1 

4A  48 

40.40 

A  7 1  AA 

A  41 

A  71  ^1 

yj-  i  ioi 

^8484 

00404 

A^O 

4'^A 
4oU 

9A9 

44  A9 

44. O^ 

171 

Rhododendron  maximum  .... 

U.OoUo 

A 

A  A9ftA 
v.D/OU 

A4^78 
040  i  0 

AA3 

4oy 

1  01 

iyi 

3Q  98 
oy  Zo 

172 

A  Q'lA  1 

0.81 

A  8971 
U.oZ  /  1 

51.98 

173 

A  8AA9 
U.OOUZ 

1.84 

A  8444 
U.0444 

^3  A1 

OO.U  L 

174 

A  AQi8 

3.45 

A  K7A8 

43  30 

40.0V.' 

175 

Chrysophy  Hum  oliviforme  .... 

A  O'-UAA 
U.yOOU 

1  24 

A  0944 

1 1 9494 

1  1  ^4  ^4 

8<\7 

OO  I 

^08 

oyo 

389 
OOZ 

^8  33 
oo.oo 

176 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron 

1  A 1 AU 

i.u  iuy 

5.14 

A  0^80 

u.yooy 

109948 

07A 

A^A 

OOU 

ooo 

A'^  00 

177 

A  031  A 

0  32 

0  09 8 A 

1  1  48 
1 140 

7'^A 

/  ou 

974 
Z  /4 

^8  OA 
oo.uo 

178 

Bumelia  tenax  

A  79u3 
U.  /  Z.'O 

0.78 

A  79QA 

7^1 9A 

4^9 

40Z 

181 
101 

4^  4^ 

40  4U 

170 

A  A^14 

1  9'-i 
1  .^o 

A  A4A4 

483^4 

^87 
OO  < 

^A9 
OOZ 

1  HA 
10U 

40  78 
4U.  la 

180 

Bumelia  spinosa  

A  AAAO 
U  OOU-j 

1  94 

1  .^4 

A  A^91 

41  1  ^ 
4  1 .  J  O 

181 

A  74A7 

0  81 

v.OI 

A  74A7 
y>-  i  4U 1 

7819^ 

562 

480 

99A 
zzu 

4  A  £>3 

4U. OO 

182 

A  70-^0 
U.  IvOV 

1.90 

A  78A8 

60281 

515 

478 

98A 

40  AO 

183 

Mimusops  Sieberi  

1  .Uooo 

2^61 

1  .UOOO 

100226 

914 

460 

875 

67.54 

184 

A  7nAQ 

0.96 

A  78Q9 

78234 

879 

503 

324 

49.28 

185 

Diospyros  .Texana  

A  Q/1AA 
U.040U 

3.33 

A  81  78 

52.72 

186 

S3*mplocos  tinctoria  

A  ^Q9f^ 
U.OoZO 

0.68 

A  <^980 

62202 

619 

384 

159 

33.19 

187 

Halesia  diptera 

A  ^7A^ 
U.O/UO 

0.42 

A  ^A81 
v.OOol 

68321 

857 

434 

197 

35.55 

188 

0  5628 

0.40 

0.5605 

35.07 

189 

Fraxinus  Greggii  

0.7904 

0.93 

0.7830 

49.26 

190 

0  6597 

0.85 

0.6541 

41.11 

191 

0  6810 

0.62 

0.6768 

60119 

622 

385 

210 

42.44 

192 

Fraxinus  Americana  

0.6543 

042 

0.6516 

101668 

861 

463 

171 

40.78 

1921 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis  . 

0.7636 

0.70 

0  7583 

108174 

1125 

541 

198 

47  59 

193 

0  6251 

0.26 

0.6235 

81222 

869 

435 

204 

38.96 

148 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


1 

s 

3 

f  Ash. 

proxi- 
ilue. 

f  Elas- 

upture 

Longi- 
iure. 

Inden- 

Cubic 
ids. 

S?5 
a 
3 

Species. 

g 
a 

o 
to 

o 

03 
o 

0  £ 
g| 

0 
0 

J 

a 
« 

'o 

M 
p 

V  3 

® 

3 

c  „ 

%.  .2 

istan 
on. 

2  .9 

| 

Ui 

O) 
Cm 

-z  * 
K  a 

o  "3 

O  '-3 

O 

pc  S 

Res 

tati 

S  0 

194 

07117 

a  ac. 
U.bO 

A  7A"71 

U.7071 

90313 

895 

A  OO 

482 

220 

44.35 

194  J 

Fraxinus  viridis,  var.  Berlandieriana 

0.5780 

A  K  A 

U.04 

A  KT  A  O 

36.02 

195 

o  no 
U.  16 

A  O  \  1  C 

U.oo  10 

/<  r7CO'7 

4 /bo/ 

OOO 

OKI 

251 

138 

22.07 

196 

0  7184 

A  7ft 
U.  /o 

A  7 1  OQ 

U.  /  IZo 

IT  a  on 

/  /4oy 

C  1  1 

/<  riA 
4;)y 

222 

44.77 

197 

05731 

A  ^A 

u.o4 

A  K.7  1  9 
U.O/  1Z 

o4oIo 

OOO 

OZU 

166 

35.72 

198 

A  79 
U.  /  Z 

/I  A97Q 
U.bZ/  O 

ft71  ftl^ 

o/ loO 

QAt; 
oUb 

/1 90 
4Zo 

194 

39.37 

199 

06345 

A  79 

u.  /  z 

u.bzyy 

7AOQ4"> 

70zo2 

717 

A  AI 

4Ul 

170 

39.54 

200 

A  £.1 
U.  Dl 

A  flOIA 

201 

Osmanthus  Americanus  .... 

0.8111 

a  a(\ 

U.40 

A  ftA7<1 
UcU/4 

1 9Q1 °0 

lOol 

KA  7 

04/ 

z4/ 

50.55 

202 

Cordia  Sebestena  

0  7108 

A  99 

4.ZZ 

A  AftAft 
U.boUo 

•  • 

A  A  OA 

44.30 

203 

Cordia  Boissieri  

0.6790 

Q  ,'Q 

O.Oo 

A  ACHA 
U  OOOU 

42.32 

204 

Bourreria  Havanensis  

0.8073 

9  7Q 

A  7Q/I  Q 

U.  /o4o 

fine  /<  a 

A/l  A 

o7o 

294 

r;n  01 

0O.0I 

205 

0  6440 

1  Q9 
l.oZ 

U.boOO 

oyoy  / 

701 

721 

OO/ 

OOf\ 

ZZy 

40.13 

206 

0,4474 

A  QS 
U.oo 

A  A  A  £7 
U.440/ 

AS  1  A1 
OO  I  O  1 

KnA 

oyu 

o04 

77 
/  / 

Z/  .OO 

207 

Catalpa  speciosa  

0.4165 

A  QQ 

A  A 1  /in 
U.414lJ 

G91  r;A 
oA  lOo 

OOO 

4U/ 

ob 

ZO/Jb 

208 

Chilopsis  saligna  

0.5902 

A  Q7 
U.O  / 

u.oooU 

^/l  A  9 1 

0/0 

zy  / 

1  A  A 

144 

QCi  7Q 

ob.7o 

209 

Crescentla  cucurbitina  

0.6319 

l.oO 

A  AOO/I 
U.bZo4 

39.38 

210 

Githarexylum  villosum  

0  8710 

A  KO 
U.OZ 

A  ftAA^ 
U.OOOO 

1Z07J.7 

A07 
Vol 

CCA 

boy 

OAft 
0U0 

54.28 

211 

Avieennia  nitida  

0.9138 

9  £.1 
Z.Ol 

A  ftQAQ 

u.oyuy 

ob.yo 

212 

Pisonia  obtusata  

0.6529 

7  AO 
i  .OZ 

A  AAOi 
U.bUol 

4ooUo 

zy  / 

Q1  A 
OlU 

1  Aft 
lUo 

A  A  A 

4U.by 

213 

!\  QQ 
O.Uo 

A  QO/lA 

1 1 Q^Qft 

1 loooo 

yio 

771 

oy4 

CI  OA 

b  i .  Zl ) 

214 

Coccoloba  uvifera  

0.9635 

1  Q7 
l.O  / 

A  QK.AQ 

U.yOUo 

9f;ft 
ZOo 

cn  Ac 
bO.Uo 

215 

0  6429 

A  7A 
U.  t  O 

n  A^QA 
U.OooU 

o^yuu 

AA9 

yoz 

O/O 

1  OQ 

iyy 

/JA  AT 

4U.U/ 

215i 

Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palustris  . 
Nectandra  Willdenoviana  .... 

0.6396 

A  Q7 
U.O/ 

A  AQ~0 
U.bo/Z 

C  4  AI  Q 

o4y  lo 

OOA 

ozO 

QUI 

ob/ 

1 09 
iyz 

39.86 

216 

07693 

A  AA 
U.OU 

O  7A47 
U.  /  04  / 

A  ~  ClA 

4  /  .y4 

217 

Sassafras  officinale  

0.5042 

A  in 

U.  1U 

O  ^"7 
U.OUo  / 

PilOl  A 

o  i  u  iu 

AA9 

buz 

^>ft9 
00Z 

1  QA 
1  o4 

Q1  AO 

61 .4Z 

218 

Umbellularia  Californica  .... 

0.6517 

A  on 
U  oVt 

A  A  1  <  19 
U  04; >Z 

1 AA7AA 
1UD / DO 

oUO 

OOO 

1  QQ 

j  yy 

/I  a  ei 
4U.bl 

219 

0.9209 

fK  1A 

O  ftAll 
0.0044 

1 AQftQA 

luooyu 

70A 

/yo 

A^A 
OOU 

OA9 
uOZ 

0/  .oy 

2191 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia.    .  . 

0.9346 

ft  9Q 

o.zy 

O  ftK.71 
U.OO  /  1 

7A7 
iVI 

KO(\ 
OZU 

4A7 
4U/ 

CD  OA 

0o.Z4 

220 

1  0905 

9  7ft 
Z.  /  O 

1  AAA9 
l.UOUZ 

A7  CiCi 

b/.yb 

221 

P,  1A 
O.JO 

0. 04/4 

Q7 

222 

Ulnms  crassifolia  

0.7245 

1  9A 

A  71  ^ft 
O.  /  lOo 

/Uoyy 

770 
/  /o 

zl^^> 

40o 

9^C 

ZoO 

40.10 

223 

Ulmus  fulva  

0.6956 

A  ftQ 
U.oo 

O  AftOft 

o.ooyo 

VOZ  1 4 

ftAO 

ooy 

C.QO 

ooy 

1  (^A 

lou 

4o.o0 

224 

0  6506 

A  ftO 
U.OU 

0  A4  !\± 

7/17/19 
/4  / 4Z 

ftf;9 
coz 

440 

1  7A 
1  /U 

AC\  KK 

4U.00 

225 

Ulmus  racemosa  

0.7263 

n  AO 
U-OU 

0  791  Q 
O.  /  Zlv 

109628 

1  AAA 

lubo 

oyz 

9APL 
ZUO 

A  OA 
40. ZD 

226 

0.7491 

A  OQ 
U.  •  'u 

A  7/1  i  7 
U.  /  41  / 

OZozo 

791 
/Z4 

AAO 

44y 

9^ 
ZOO 

/(A  KQ 

4b. bo 

227 

Planera  aquatica  

0.5294 

A 

U.49 

f»  fW7A 

u.oz/u 

OOlO/ 

A91 

bZI 

OOA 
o''4 

1  /1A 
140 

OO  AA 

oz.yy 

228 

Celtis  occidentalis  

0.7287 

1  AO 

0  79Aft 
U.  /ZUo 

Aft  ^9  7 
OoOZ  / 

7ftQ 

/  oy 

/191 
4Z1 

91  7 
Zl  / 

A  C  A  1 

40.41 

2281 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata 

0.7275 

1  99 
l.ZZ 

O  71  ftA 
O.  /  lOD 

ftAftA^ 
OOOUO 

ftA^ 

0U0 

A  Q7 
^61 

97Q 
Z  to 

/I  O/l 

40.  o4 

229 

AQ 
O.Uo 

0  94ftl 

zooyy 

9QQ 

zoy 

1  A9 
10Z 

AI 
Ol 

1  A  QA 

J  0.  oU 

230 

Ficus  brevifolia  

0.6398 

A  QA 
4.00 

0  AI  1  Q 

OO  ft7 

oy.o/ 

231 

Ficus  pedimculata  

0.4739 

zt  09 
4.VZ 

U.40U0 

4AA0A 

4uoyu 

90A 

ZoU 

981 
Zo  1 

119 

90  fiQ 
ZM.OO 

232 

0  5898 

A  71 
U.  /  1 

n  ^ft^A 

U.OOOO 

89Q77 
oZo/  / 

77^ 
/  to 

49A 
4ZU 

178 

QA  7A 
OO  /O 

233 

07715 

O  Aft 
U  DO 

O  7AA^ 
O.  /OOO 

y*o  /  o 

4ft  Aft 
40.U0 

234 

0  7736 

A  Aft 
U.OO 

A  7AS9 
U.  /  OOO 

1101 
1 10 1 

ftAA 

ouy 

363 

AQ  91 
4o.Zl 

235 

Platanus  occidentalis  

0.5678 

0.46 

0.5652 

86402 

635 

450 

165 

35.39 

236 

0  4880 

1.11 

0.4826 

62401 

562 

324 

93 

30.41 

237 

0  4736 

1.35 

0.4672 

45644 

428 

327 

117 

29.51 

238 

0  4086 

0.51 

0.4065 

81253 

597 

392 

90 

25.46 

239 

06115 

0.79 

0.6067 

109200 

856 

583 

196 

3811 

240 

0.6554 

1.01 

0.6488 

72632 

600 

437 

182 

40.84 

241 

0  7180 

1.13 

0.7099 

66646 

578 

434 

232 

44.75 

242 

0  8372 

0.73 

0.8311 

138839 

1200 

625 

271 

52.17 

243 

Carya  sulcata  

0.8108 

0.90 

0.8035 

103884 

1083 

559 

288 

50.53 

244 

0  8218 

1.06 

0.8131 

114995 

1129 

593 

277 

51.21 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


149 


Species. 


Carya  porciua  

Carya  amara  

Carya  myristieseformis  .... 

Carya  aquatica  .  ,  

Myrica  cerifera  

Myrica  Californica  ..... 

Quercus  alba  

Quercus  lobata  

Quercus  Garryana  

Quercus  obtusiloba  

Quercus  utidulata,  var.  Gambellii 

Quercus  macrocarpa  

Quercus  lyrata  

Quercus  bicolor  

Quercus  Michauxii  

Quercus  Prinus  

Quercus  priuoides  

Quercus  Douglas ii  

Quercus  oblongifolia  

Quercus  grisea  

Quercus  reticulata  

Quercus  Durandii  

Quercus  virens  ....... 

Quercus  chrysolepis  

Quercus  Emory i  

Quercus  agrifolia  

Quercus  Weslizeni  

Quercus  rubra  

Quercus  rubra,  var  Texana    .  . 

Quercus  coccinea  

Quercus  tinctoria  

Quercus  Kelloggii  

Quercus  nigra  

Quercus  fakata  

Quercus  Catesbaei  

Quercus  palustris  

Quercus  aquatica  

Quercus  laurifolia  

Quercus  beterophylla  

Quercus  cinerea  

Quercus  bypoleuca  

Quercus  imbricaria  

Quercus  Pbellos  

Quercus  densiflora  

Castanopsis  chrysophylla    .    .  . 

Castanea  pumila  

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 

Fagus  ferruginea  

Ostrya  Virginica  

Carpinus  Caroiiniana  

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia    .  . 

Betula  papyrifera  

Betula  occidentalis  

Betula  lutea  

Betula  nigra  


0.8217 
0.7552 
0.8016 
0.7407 
0.5637 
0.6703 
0.7470 
0.7409 
0.7453 
0.8367 
0.8407 
0.7453 
0.8313 
0.7662 
0.8039 
0.7499 
0.8605 
0.8928 
0.9441 
1.0092 
0.9479 
0.9507 
0.9501 
0.8493 
0.9263 
0.8253 
0.7855 
0.6540 
0.9080 
0.7405 
0.7045 
0.6435 
0.7324 
0.6928 
0.7294 
0.6938 
0.7244 
0.7673 
0.6834 
0  6420 
0.8009 
0.7529 
0.7472 
0.6827 
0.5574 
0.5887 
0.4504 
0.6883 
0.8284 
0.7286 
0.5760 
0.5955 
0  6030 
0.6553 
0.5762 


Percentage  of  Ash. 

Relative  Approxi- 
mate Fuel  Value. 

Coefficient  of  Elas- 
ticity. 

Modulus  of  Rupture. 

Resistance  to  Longi- 
tudinal Pressure. 

Resistance  to  Inden- 
tation. 

Weight  of  a  Cubic 
Foot  in  Pounds. 

0.99 

0.8136 

103300 

1046 

577 

301 

51.21 

1.03 

0.7474 

102986 

1101 

522 

242 

47.06 

1.06 

0.7931 

146484 

1394 

638 

315 

49.96 

1.27 

0.7313 

101261 

884 

486 

274 

46.16 

0.51 

0.5608 

88778 

815 

445 

144 

35.13 

0.33 

0.6681 

99161 

1036 

532 

188 

41.77 

0.41 

0.7439 

97089 

905 

511 

213 

46.35 

0.30 

0.7387 

71664 

864 

424 

188 

46.17 

0.39 

0.7424 

81109 

879 

505 

240 

46.45 

0.79 

0.8301 

83257 

872 

487 

276 

52.14 

0.99 

0.8324 

57162 

680 

417 

255 

52.39 

0.71 

0.7400 

92929 

982 

491 

233 

46.45 

0.65 

0.8259 

133438 

1025 

492 

252 

51.81 

0.58 

0.7618 

90636 

909 

490 

221 

47.75 

0.45 

0.8003 

96373 

1118 

482 

233 

50.10 

0.77 

0.7441 

125473 

1031 

538 

230 

46.73 

1.14 

0.8507 

112461 

1238 

575 

264 

53.63 

0.84 

0.8853 

77166 

993 

557 

374 

55.64 

2.61 

0.9195 

85739 

719 

434 

439 

58.84 

1.82 

0.9908 

73982 

937 

479 

364 

62.89 

0.52 

0.9430 

59.07 

1.78 

0  9338 

83766 

993 

534 

308 

59.25 

1.14 

0.9393 

113627 

1017 

547 

324 

59.21 

0.60 

0.8442' 

119810 

1268 

545 

317 

52.93 

2.36 

0.9044 

63828 

703 

422 

415 

57.73 

1.28 

0.8147 

95276 

935 

463 

235 

51.43 

1.02 

0.7775 

86055 

818 

533 

272 

48.95 

0.26 

0.6523 

112798 

990 

511 

177 

40.76 

0.85 

0.9003 

103343 

1024 

582 

291 

56.59 

0  19 

0.7391 

108507 

1054 

504 

202 

46.15 

0.28 

0.7025 

103427 

1041 

501 

202 

43.90 

0.26 

0.6418 

74488 

768 

449 

174 

40.10 

1.16 

0.7239 

97656 

1043 

497 

286 

45.64 

0.25 

0.6911 

140151 

1193 

596 

201 

43.18 

0.87 

0.7231 

103468 

1046 

457 

228 

45.46 

0.81 

0.6882 

112296 

1090 

491 

190 

43.24 

0.51 

0.7207 

122657 

1052 

501 

198 

45.14 

0.82 

0.7610 

125916 

1181 

526 

253 

47.82 

0.17 

0.6822 

122494 

1073 

412 

182 

42.59 

1.21 

0.6342 

75120 

993 

448 

201 

40.01 

1.34 

0.7902 

94409 

1113 

293 

272 

49.91 

0.43 

0.7497 

119357 

1218 

552 

226 

46.92 

0.50 

0.7435 

78440 

989 

390 

216 

46.57 

1.49 

0.6725 

96347 

946 

475 

224 

42.55 

0.35 

0.5554 

101195 

741 

435 

119 

34.74 

0.12 

0.5880 

114108 

991 

495 

118 

36  69 

0.18 

0.4496 

85621 

696 

381 

106 

28.07 

0.51 

0.6848 

120996 

1148 

478 

196 

42.89 

0.50 

0.8243 

137276 

1134 

542 

231 

51.63 

0.83 

0.7226 

114881 

1149 

498 

213 

45.41 

0.29 

0.5743 

72970 

778 

348 

129 

35.90 

0.25 

0  5940 

130557 

1065 

487 

126 

37.11 

0.30 

0.6012 

92424 

806 

391 

127 

37.58 

0.6533 

161723 

1248 

619 

161 

40.84 

0.35 

0.5742 

111322 

972 

438 

132 

35.91 

150 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES 


OF  THE  W< 


OODS 


alogue  Number. 

Species. 

cific  Gravity. 

centage  of  Ash. 

ative  Approxi- 
Fuel  Value. 

fficient  of  Elas- 
ty. 

lulus  of  Rupture 

istanoe  to  Longi- 
inal  Pressure. 

istance  to  Inden- 
on. 

iffht  of  a  Cubic 
t  in  Pounds. 

6 

p. 
m 

H 
V 

75  OS 

a;  H 

o  jo 

o 

<i 

«  s 
>  §. 

299 

Betula  lenta  

0.7617 

0.26 

0.7597 

141898 

1216 

619 

226 

47.47 

300 

0.39 

0.4977 

.  .  . 

129 

81.14 

301 

0  4813 

0  42 

0.4793 

106046 

811 

415 

117 

29.99 

302 

0.31 

0.4104 

84580 

682 

356 

78 

25.72 

303 

0.42 

0.3964 

76937 

686 

278 

74 

24  81 

304 

0.38 

0.4648 

305 

0.42 

0.4588 

108507 

820 

289 

28.71 

3051 

306 

Salix  nigra  

0.4456 

0.70 

0.4425 

39062 

424 

213 

93 

27.77 

307 

0.92 

0.4468 

50144 

550 

264 

81 

28.10 

308 

0.4872 

0.58 

0.4844 

48828 

644 

819 

118 

30.36 

309 

0.60 

0.4727 

29.64 

3091 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia     .  . 

0.4547 

0.79 

0.4411 

87935 

675 

341 

87 

28.34 

3092 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana.  . 

0.4598 

0.56 

0.4572 

30517 

469 

286 

82 

28.65 

310 

0.4930 

0.48 

0.4906 

30.72 

3101 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  exigua    .    .  . 

0.5342 

1.06 

0.5285 

33.29 

ol0z 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  argyrophylla  . 

311 

Salix  sessilifolia  

0.4397 

0.50 

0.4375 

27.40 

31 11 

312 

0.43 

0.4243 

.  .  . 

26.55 

313 

Salix  flavescens  

0.4969 

0.61 

0.4939 

108507 

808 

408 

98 

30.97 

3131 

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana  . 

0.5412 

0.39 

0.5391 

126216 

909 

468 

126 

33.73 

314 

Salix  Hookeriana  

0.5350 

0.32 

0.5333 

•  • 

427 

111 

33.34 

315 

0  59 

0.6033 

•  • 

37.82 

316 

0  5587 

0.98 

0.5532 

88778 

813 

385 

140 

34.82 

317 

0.59 

0.5042 

31.61 

318 

0.4032 

0.55 

0.4010 

81441 

677 

330 

80 

25.13 

319 

0.45 

0.4611 

96827 

721 

358 

62 

28.87 

320 

Populus  heterophylla  

0.4089 

0.81 

0.4056 

72338 

642 

283 

86 

25.48 

321 

Populus  balsamifera  

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans  . 

0  3635 

0  66 

0.3611 

85690 

550 

320 

75 

22.65 

oo  1  1 

0.4161 

0.46 

0.4142 

73024 

609 

276 

2o.9o 

322 

0  79 

0.3881 

45847 

400 

271 

76 

»)/(  OO 

24.38 

323 

1.27 

0.3766 

111694 

665 

390 

CO 

DO 

23.77 

oz4 

Populus  monilifera  

0.3889 

0.96 

0.3852 

99417 

7/0 

oro 

ooo 

OQ 

OO 

32  o 

0.77 

0.4876 

105116 

698 

•WO 

86 

on  an 
80.o2 

o.irl 

3251 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni  . 

0.4621 

1.13 

0.4569 

84317 

691 

372 

i  nn 
1U0 

oq  on 
28.80 

326 

0  4017 

0.08 

0.4014 

84729 

682 

403 

no 

98 

or  no 

327 

0.37 

0.3152 

5381 1 

512 

one 

OU 

i  n  to 

328 

Thuya  gigantea  

0.3796 

0.17 

0.3790 

103372 

749 

450 

70 

23.66 

329 

Chamaseyparis  spliasroidea  .... 

0.3822 

0.33 

0.3311 

40410 

456 

259 

67 

20.70 

330 

0.34 

0.4766 

102881 

801 

455 

101 

29.80 

331 

0  4(521 

0.10 

0.4616 

121772 

888 

466 

82 

28.80 

332 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  

0.6261 

0.57 

0.6225 

107327 

1045 

237 

39.02 

333 

0  4fi8Q 

u.to 

0  4668 

49941 

539 

359 

178 

29.22 

334 

335 

Cupressus  Guadalupensis  .... 

0.4843 

0.44 

0.4822 

30.18 

336 

0  6282 

0.75 

3361 

Juniperus  Californiea,  var.  Utahensis 

0.5522 

0.49 

0.5495 

34.41 

337 

0  5829 

0.11 

0  5823 

61275 

761 

36.32 

338 

0  5765 

0.12 

0.5758 

186 

35.93 

3381 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  mono- 

0.78 

0.7062 

44  36 

3382 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  conjugens 

0.6907 

0.46 

0.6875 

73426 

468 

532 

286 

43.04 

339 

0.4926 

0.13 

0.4920 

66992 

740 

416 

148 

30.70 

340 

0  4543 

0.42 

0.4524 

103206 

682 

423 

81 

28.31 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  151 


Species. 


Sequoia  gigantea  

Sequoia  seinpervirens  

Tax  us  brevif'olia  

Tax  us  Floridana  

Torreya  taxifolia  

Torreya  Californica  

Pinus  Strobus  

Pinus  monticola  

Pinus  Lambertiana  

Pinus  flexilis  

Pinus  albicaulis  

Pinus  reflexa  

Pinus  Parryana  

Pinus  eembroides  

Pinus  edulis  

Pinus  monophylla  

Pinus  Balfouriana  , 

Pinus  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata  .  . 

Pinus  resinosa  

Pinus  Torreyana  

Pinus  Arizonica  

Pinus  ponderosa  

Pinus  Jeffrey i  

Pinus  Cbihuahuana  

Pinus  contorta  

Pinus  Murrayana  

Pinus  Sabiniana  -  

Pinus  Coulteri  

Pinus  insignis  ........ 

Pinus  tubereulata  

Pinus  Taeda  

Pinus  rigida  

Pinus  serotina  

Pinus  inops  

Pinus  clausa  

Pinus  pungens  

Pinus  murieata  

Pinus  mitis  

Pinus  glabra  

Pinus  Banksiana  

Pinus  palustris  

Pinus  Cubensis  

Picea  nigra  

Picea  alba  

Picea  Engelmanni  

Picea  pungens  

Picea  Sitcliensis  

Tsuga  Canadensis  

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

Tsuga  Mertensiana  

Tsuga  Pattoniana  

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  tuacro- 

carpa   

Abies  Fraseri  


0.2882 
0.4208 
0.6391 
0.6340 
0.5145 
0.4760 
0.3854 
0.3908 
0.3684 
0.4358 
0.4165 
0.4877 
0.5675 
0.6512 
0.6388 
0  5658 
0.5434 
0.5572 
0.4854 
0.4879 
0.5038 
0.4715 
0.5206 
0.5457 
0.5815 
0.4096 
0.4840 
0.4133 
0.4574 
0.3499 
0.5441 
0.5151 
0.7942 
0.5309 
0.5576 
0.4935 
0.4942 
06104 
0.3931 
0.4761 
0.61)99 
0.7504 
0.4584 
0.4051 
0.3449 
0  3740 
0.4287 
0.4239 
0.4275 
0.5182 
0.4454 
0.5157 


0.4563 
0.3565 


a 

0.50 
0.14 
0.22 
0.'21 
0.73 
1.34 
0.19 
0.23 
0.22 
0.28 
0.27 
0.26 
0.54 
0.90 
0.62 
0.68 
0.40 
0.30 
0.27 
0.35 
0.20 
0.35 
0.26 
0.39 
0.19 
0.32 
0.40 
0.37 
0.30 
0.33 
0.26 
0.23 
0.17 
0.30 
0.31 
0.27 
0.26 
0.29 
0.45 
0.23 
0.25 
0.26 
0.27 
0.32 
0.32 
0.38 
0.17 
0.46 
0.40 
0.42 
0.44 
0.08 

0.08 
0.54 


0.2868 
0.4202 
0.6377 
0  6327 
0.5107 
0.4696 
0.3847 
0.3899 
0.3676 
0.4346 
0.4154 
0.4864 
0.5644 
0.6453 
0.6318 
0.5620 
0.5412 
0.5555 
0.4841 
0.4862 
0.5028 
0.4698 
0.5192 
0.5436 
0.5804 
0.4083 
0.4821 
0.4118 
0.4560 
0.3487 
0.5427 
0.5139 
0.7928 
0.5293 
0.5559 
0.4922 
0.4929 
0.6086 
0.3913 
0.4750 
0.6982 
0.7484 
0.4572 
0.4038 
0.3438 
0.3726 
0.4280 
0.4220 
0.4258 
0.5160 
0.4434 
0.5153 

0.4559 
0.3546 


45146 
67646 
76133 

82833 
40146 
85093 
95068 
79375 
67531 
38147 
91287 
37783 


42094 
43488 
59386 
71482 

113216 
54213 
82370 
88731 
92777 
72575 

158533 
77113 
58517 

114108 
97850 
42870 

112847 
58127 

116957 
54295 
54295 
80330 

119357 

137495 
44750 
94231 

148733 

157747 

109987 

102280 
80791 
55360 
99001 
89970 
71282 

137483 
77524 

128297 

105007 
97170 


459 
597 
1078 

887 
583 
626 
609 
597 
624 
581 
770 
426 


II 
I!_ 

388 
416 
483 

460 
351 

339 
334 
336 
349 
331 
489 
339 


447 

288 
424 
653 
800 
756 
653 
720 
744 
832 
993 
564 
779 
761 
740 
409 
883 
739 
1164 
658 
502 
726 
1031 
1038 
496 
652 
1152 
1172 
747 
747 
574 
454 
649 
736 
461 
909 
719 
881 

846 
639 


349 
274 
337 
325 
455 
290 
381 
381 
417 
337 
554 
333 
337 
367 
417 
263 
427 
355 
505 
360 
377 
354 
509 
477 
288 
396 
629 
664 
407 
342 
267 
258 
353 
384 
403 
547 
379 
519 

463 
347 


68 
77 
264 

158 
122 
74 
67 
78 
108 
107 
128 
195 


212 
169 
147 
134 
85 
147 
105 
107 
116 
154 
149 
86 
138 
92 
105 
86 
107 
133 
296 
156 
131 
115 
122 
129 
106 
101 
153 
186 
77 
74 
76 
79 
73 
82 
125 
101 
104 
100 

102 

65 


152  THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


ie  Number. 

Species. 

Gravity. 

ige  of  Ash. 

Approxi- 
el  Value. 

nt  of  Elas- 

!  of  Rupture. 

ce  to  Longi- 
Pressure. 

ce  to  Inden- 

of  a  Cubic 
Pounds. 

Catalogi 

Specific 

Percent! 

Relative 
mate  Fu 

Coefficie 
ticity. 

Modulus 

Resistan 
tudinal 

Resistan 
tation. 

Weight 
Foot  in  ] 

893 

Abies  balsamea  ......... 

0.3819 

0.45 

0.3802 

81924 

515 

365 

75 

23.80 

394 

0  3476 

0.44 

0.3461 

76199 

473 

302 

64 

21.66 

395 

Abies  grand  is  

0.3545 

0.49 

0.3528 

95838 

494 

391 

51 

22  09 

396 

0.85 

0.3607 

90889 

703 

390 

78 

22.67 

397 

Abies  bracteata  

0.6783 

2.04 

0.6645 

42  27 

398 

0  4228 

0.23 

0.4218 

126013 

792 

467 

64 

26.35 

399 

0  4561 

0.34 

0.4545 

127660 

862 

453 

120 

28.42 

400 

Abies  magnifica  

0.4701 

0.30 

0.4687 

66220 

701 

435 

96 

29.30 

401 

Larix  Americana  

0.6236 

0.33 

0.6215 

126126 

901 

536 

112 

38.86 

402 

0,7407 

0.09 

0.7400 

165810 

1227 

689 

139 

46.16 

403 

404 

0  4404 

7.66 

0.4067 

27.45 

405 

0,5173 

1.89 

0.5075 

56346 

429 

227 

66 

32.24 

406 

Thrinax  parviflora  

0.5991 

3.99 

0.5752 

407 

Thrinax  argentea  

0.7172 

3.01 

0.6956 

44.70 

408 

Oreodoxa  regia  

0.6034 

2.21 

0.5901 

37.60 

409 

0  6677 

6.27 

0.6258 

41.61 

410 

Yucca  brevifoha  

0.3737 

4.00 

0.3588 

411 

9.28 

0.4055 

412 

0  2724 

8.94 

0.2480 

16.98 

Specific  Gravity.]  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  153 


TABLE  II. 


The  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Specific  Gravity  of  their 

Dry  Woods. 


Order. 

Species. 

Gravity. 

Order. 

Species. 

zi 

& 

0) 

>■ 

o 
ec 

> 

Relat 

Speci 

Relat 

Speci 

1 

1  3020 

41 

Eugenia  montieola  

0.9156 

2 

Condalia  obovata  

1.1999 

42 

0  9138 

3 

1  1617 

43 

0  9102 

4 

Guaiacum  sanctum  

1.1432 

44 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana  .  . 

0.9080 

5 

Vauquelinia  Torreyi  .... 

1.1374 

45 

Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati     .  . 

0.9049 

6 

1  1235 

46 

0  9048 

7 

1  1101 

47 

Xanthoxylum  Caribaeum  .    .  . 

0.9002 

8 

1  0905 

48 

Prunus  spbseroearpa  

0.8998 

9 

1  0838 

49 

Calyptrantbes  Chytraculia     .  . 

0.8992 

10 

1  0731 

50 

0  8983 

11 

1,0715 

51 

12 

1  0602 

52 

Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa   .    .  . 

0.8740 

13 

1  0459 

53 

Piscidia  Erythrina  

0.8734 

14 

54 

Citharexylum  villosum  .... 

0  8710 

15 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron  . 

1.0109 

55 

Prunus  Caroliniana  

0.8688 

16 

Quercus  grisea  

1.0092 

56 

Crataegus  coccinea  

0.8618 

17 

0  9900 

57 

0.8605 

18 

Canella  alba  

0.9893 

58 

0  8602 

19 

0  9842 

59 

0,8550 

20 

0  9835 

60 

0  8509 

21 

0.9803 

61 

Quercus  clirysolepis  

0.8493 

22 

Coecoloba  uvifera  

0.9635 

62 

0  8460 

23 

Hypelate  paniculata  

0.9533 

.  63 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii 

0.8407 

24 

0  9507 

64 

0  8372 

25 

09501 

65 

Sapindus  Saponaria  

0.8307 

26 

0.9479 

66 

0  8367 

27 

0  9453 

67 

0  8341 

28 

Quercus  oblongifolia  .... 

0.9441 

68 

Guettarda  elliptica  

0.8337 

29 

Acacia  Wrightii  

0.9392 

69 

0  8332 

30 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius     .    .  . 

0.9365 

70 

08319 

31 

71 

32 

Chrysopbyllum  oliviforme     .  . 

0.9360 

72 

33 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia  . 

0.9346 

73 

34 

Heteromeles  arbutifolia     .    .  . 

0.9326 

74 

Quercus  agrifolia  

0.8253 

35 

75 

Carya  tomentosa  

0.8218 

36 
37 

0  9310 

76 

0.8217 

0  9263 

77 

0  8208 

38 

0  9235 

78 

0  8202 

39 

0  9209 

79 

Cornus  florida  

0.8153 

40 

0,9196 

80 

0  8126 

154         THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS     [Specific  Gravity. 


u 

i  Orde 

Species. 

rt 

■c 
u 
O 

Species. 

eS 

o 

s 

Rela 

.    .  . 

'o 
s, 

c 

81 

Osmantbus  Araericanus    .    .  . 

0.8111 

136 

0  7405 

82 

137 

Gleditschia  monosperma    .    .  . 

0.7342 

83 

0  8094 

138 

Robinia  Pseudacacia  .... 

0  7333 

84 

0  8073 

139 

0  7324 

85 

Quercus  Micliauxii  

0.8039 

140 

0.7303 

86 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana  .... 

0.8034 

141 

Quercus  Catesbaei  

0  7294 

87 

Carya  myristicaeformis  .... 

0  8016 

142 

Bumelia  tenax  

0.7293 

88 

0  8009 

143 

Crataegus  cordata  

0  7293 

89 

Bumelia  cuneata  

0.7959 

144 

0,7287 

90 

Crataegus  subvillosa  

0  7953 

145 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  .... 

0  7286 

91 

146 

0.7282 

92 

0  7917 

147 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata 

0  7275 

93 

Diospyros  Virginiana  .... 

0.7908 

148 

94 

149 

Ulmus  racemosa  

0  7263 

95 

0.7879 

150 

96 

151 

Quercus  aquatica  

0.7244 

97 

Amelanchier  Canadensis   .    .  . 

0.7838 

152 

0  7215 

98 

153 

Crataegus  Crus-galli  

0.7194 

99 

0.7745 

154 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata    .    .  . 

0.7184 

100 

155 

■  0,7180 

101 

156 

Tbrinax  argentea  

0.7172 

102 

157 

103 

Crataegus  rivularis  

0.7703 

158 

0.7159 

104 

Nectandra  Willdenoviana  .    .  . 

0.7693 

159 

0  7142 

105 

Crataegus  flava  var.  pubescens  . 

0.7683 

160 

Laguncularia  racemosa     .    .  . 

0.7137 

106 

0  7673 

161 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  mono- 

107 

108 

162 

0  7117 

109 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.Texensis 

0.7636 

163 

0  7108 

110 

0.7617 

164 

111 

Vaccinium  arboreum  .... 

0  7610 

165 

0  7052 

112 

0  7609 

166 

0  7048 

113 

167 

114 

168 

115 

0.7529 

169 

Capparis  Jamaicensis  .... 

0  6971 

116 

Cercis  reuiformis  

0.7513 

170 

117 

0  7504 

171 

0  6951 

118 

Arbutus  Texana  .    .    .  . 

0.7500 

172 

Crataegus  Douglasii  

0.6950 

119 

173 

Jacquinia  armillaris  

0.6948 

120 

Quercus  Prinus  

0.7499 

174 

121 

Ulmus  alata  

0.7491 

175 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis  .    .  . 

0  6934 

122 

0.7481 

176 

123 

Quercus  Phellos  

0.7472 

177 

Acer  saccbarinum,  var.  nigrum  . 

0.6915 

124 

178 

125 

179 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  con- 

126 

Oxydendrum  arboreum     .    .  . 

0.7458 

127 

Crataegus  apiifolia  

0.7453 

180 

128 

Quercus  macrocarpa  

0.7453 

181 

129 

Quercus  Garryana  

0.7449 

182 

130 

Parkinsonia  micropbylla  .    .  . 

0.7449 

183 

0,6884 

131 

YintlinYvlntn  VtprnTn 

0  7444 

184 

Fagus  ferruginea  

0  6883 

132 

0  7420 

185 

0  6856 

133 

Quercus  lobata  

0.7409 

186 

Quercus  beteropbylla  .... 

0.6834 

134 

0  7407 

187 

Quercus  densiflora  

0.6827 

135 

0  7407 

188 

0  6810 

Specific  Gravity.]  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  155 


Order. 

Sp6cies, 

S 

Order. 

Species. 

Gravity. 

Relative 

Specific 

Relative 

Specific 

189 

Crataegus  brachyacantha  .    .  . 

0.6793 

244 

Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita  .    .  . 

U.OUOtf 

190 

Cordia  Boissieri  

0.6790 

245 

191 

246 

Betula  occidentalis  

U.bUoU 

192 

0  6783 

247 

A  l!AOQ 

193 

248 

A  i'.AAA 

194 

Leucaena  pulverulenta  .... 

0.6732 

249 

A  rnnA 

195 

250 

Xanthoxylum    Clava  -  Herculis, 

196 

var.  fruticosum  

0.5967 

197 

251 

Betula  papyrifera  

U.DlJOO 

198 

252 

Pyrus  sambucifolia  

A  r,noQ 

199 

253 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua   .    .  . 

a  r,nnn 

200 

Fraxinus  anomala  

0.6597 

254 

a  Knno 

201 

Euonymus  atropurpureus  .    .  .. 

0.6592 

255 

A  rOAQ 

202 

256 

A  KQQQ 

203 

257 

204 

258 

Ilex  Dahoon,  var.  myrtifolia  .  . 

A  KD70 

205 

.  259 

Juniperus  pachyphloea  .... 

200 

260 

Prunus  serotina  

a  rcoo 

207 

261 

A  CQ1Q 

208 

262 

A  KQ1  K 

209 

Pisonia  obtusata  

0.6529 

263 

Fraxinus   viridis,  var.  Berlan- 

210 

Umbellularia  Californica   .    .  . 

0.6517 

211 

264 

212 

265 

A  KHAX. 

213 

A  a  A  A  1 

266 

Betula  nigra  

214 

267 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia  .  . 

0.5760 

215 

a  flior 

268 

216 

269 

Fraxinus  Oregana  

0.5731 

217 

270 

218 

0.6420 

271 

0.5678 

219 

272 

Pin  us  Parry  ana  

Rhamnus  Purshiana  

0.5675 

220 

273 

0.5672 

221 

PerseaCarolinensis,  var.  palustris 

0.6396 

274 

All 

Taxus  brevifolia  

a  floai 
U.OoVJl 

275 

Xanthoxylum  Americanum  .  . 

A  F.HKA 
U.0O04 

223 

A  />OOQ 

276 

224 

Chionanthus  Virginiea  .... 

0.6372 

277 

225 

278 

226 

Magnolia  grandiflora  .... 

0.6360 

279 

0  5576 

227 

280 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla  .    .  . 

0.5574 

223 

Forestiera  acuminata  .... 

A  d  OA  K 

0.0 345 

281 

Pinus  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata  . 

229 

0  6340 

282 

0  5536 

230 

0  6332 

283 

Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Uta- 

231 

0  6319 

0  5522 

232 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia  .... 

0.6318 

284 

0  5462 

233 

Rhododendron  maximum  .    .  . 

0.6303 

285 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  Drummondii 

0.5459 

234 

Juniperus  Californica  .... 

0  6282 

286 

Pinus  Chihuahuana  

0.5457 

235 

0.6278 

287 

0  5451 

236 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  .... 

00261 

288 

0  5441 

237 

Fraxinus  pubescens  

0.6251 

289' 

Pinus  Balfouriana  

0.5434 

238 

0  6249 

290 

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana 

0.5412 

239 

0  6236 

291 

Pinckneya  pubens  

0  5350 

240 

0  6178 

292 

0  5350 

241 

Parkinsonia  aculeata  .... 

0.6116 

293 

Salix  longifolia,  var.  exigua  .  . 

0.5342 

242 

06115 

294 

Acer  spicatum  

0.5330 

243 

0  6104 

295 

0  5325 

156  THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS    [Specific  Gravity. 


ve  Order. 

Species. 

ic  Gravity.  ! 

ve  Order. 

Species. 

c  Gravity. 

Relati 

—  

i> 
4) 

04 

VI 

H 

Specifi 

296 

Magnolia  maerophylla  .... 

9^1 
oOl 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizenii 

0.4621 

297 

a  ^9aq 

oOZ 

Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana    .  . 

0.4621 

298 

Acer  Pen nsy Ivan icum  .... 

O  "WOQ 

Vj.OitOU 

9^9 
Odd 

Sambucus  Mexicana  

04614 

299 

Planera  aquatica  

A  fW04 
U.O  Sv-i 

CO** 

0  4613 

300 

A 

ooo 

0  4607 

301 

Acer  dasyearpuni  

0  5269 

9^ 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana 

0.4598 

302 

o  ^9nr> 

9^7 

0.4584 

303 

Nyssa  uniflora  

0  5194 

9<^8 
ooo 

0  4574 

304 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata  . 

0  5184 

or-.n 

uOV 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  ma- 

305 

fry              -\  i      ,  . 

n  m  co 

0  4563 

306 

Washingtonia  filit'era  .... 

A  A 1  7  9 
U.  O  l  i  o 

9  ft  A 

0  4561 

307 

n  r»i  ^7 

9R1 
oOl 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  . 

0.4517 

308 

a  Aim 

9R9 
OOZ 

Taxodium  distichum  .... 

0.4543 

309 

O  R14A 

ooo 

0  4542 

310 

D  AA87 

0  4525 

311 

A  AA79 

oOO 

0  4509 

312 

Aantnoxyluin  Clava-Herculis 

0.5056 

ouo 

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 

0.4504 

313 

0  5AR3 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis  . 

0.4502 

314 

0  5042 

388 
ouo 

Ti/r                 l  •       TT      1  11 

0  4487 

315 

Pinus  Arizonica  

A  AA98 

9AQ 
ooy 

0  4474 

316 

Magnolia  glauca  

0  503 5 
yj  .oyjoo 

37A 

O  (  u 

0  4470 

317 

A  F.A99 

371 
o  /  1 

0  4456 

318 

A  5AA9 

979 

0  4454 

319 

A  4QQfi 

O  1  O 

O    „    1         „1          IV.    1                               J  A 

0  4404 

320 

A  4 08 A 

374 

Oil!  Mix"  12 

0  4397 

321 

A  40fi0 

.97  A 

O  <  O 

322 

0  1942 

376 

0  4358 

323 

A  40°.  A 

U.t  JOO 

377 
o/  < 

324 

A  4  09 A 

378 
o  /  o 

04328 

325 

Juniperus  Virginiana  .... 
Populus  Fremontii  

A  4098 

37A 

0  4287 

326 

A  4Q14 

380 

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

0.4275 

327 

0  4909 

381 

iEseulus  flava  

0.4274 

328 

A  488A 

389 

0  4261 

329 

Pinus  Torreyana  

A  4870 

383 

0  4253 

330 

A  4877 

384 

0  4239 

331 

A  4879 

38A 

Linodendron  luhpifera    .    .  . 

0.4230 

332 

A  48  "\4 

98fi 
ooo 

0  4228 

333 

Cupressus  Guadalupensis  .    .  . 
Pinus  Sabiniana  

A  4849 

387 
oo  / 

Sequoia  sempervirens  .... 

0.4208 

334 

A  48JA 

988 
ooo 

0  4165 

335 

Negundo  Californicum  .... 

A  4291 

3SQ 

ooy 

Pinus  albicaulis  

0  4165 

336 

A  481  9 

3QA 

oyu 

Populus  balsam  if  era,var. can  dicans 

0.4161 

337 

A  48AA 

oyi 

338 

Chamaecyparis  Nutkaensis .    .  . 

A  4789 

9QO 

oyz 

0  4136 

339 

0  4761 

393 

Pinus  Coulteri  

0.4133 

340 

A  47AA 

904 
oyi 

Alnus  rhombifolia  

0.4127 

341 

0  4756 

395 

342 

0  4739 

396 

Populus  heterophylla  .... 

0.4089 

343 

Platanus  Wriglitii  

0.4736 

397 

0  4086 

344 

0  4728 

398 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens 

0.4074 

345 

Pinus  ponderosa  

0  4715 

399 

0  4051 

346 

0  4701 

400 

0  4032 

347 

0  4690 

401 

Libocedrus  decurrens  .... 

0.4017 

348 

0  4689 

402 

Alnus  oblongifolia  

0.3981 

349 

0  4666 

403 

Asimina  triloba  

0.3969 

350 

Populus  grandidentata  .... 

0  4632 

404 

03931 

Specific  Gravity.'] 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


157 


fid 

c 

Orde 

Species. 

Orde 

Species. 

I 

CD 
> 

'rt 

to 

<u 

'3 

'§ 

<u 

i 

cu 

t/2 

3 

Cu 

405 

41o 

400 

A  OflAQ 

/( i  n 

Fraxinus  platycarpa  

0.3541 

407 

420 

408 

0  3854 

421 

Abies  subalpina    .    .    .    .    .  . 

0.3476 

409 

0  3819 

422 

0  3149 

410 

423 

Cliamaseyparis  sphaeroulea     .  . 

0  3322 

411 

424 

412 

0  3740 

425 

0,3104 

413 

0  3737 

426 

Bursera  gummifera  

0.3003 

4H 

0.3684 

427 

0  2882 

415 

0  3638 

428 

Yucca  baccata  

0.2724 

410 

Populus  balsa  mifera  

0.3G35 

429 

0  2616 

417 

0  3565 

158 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


[Fuel. 


TABLE  III. 

The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Relative 
Approximate  Fuel  Value  of  their  Dry  Woods. 


Species. 


Condalia  ferrea     .  . 
Rhizophora  Mangle  . 
Guaiacum  sanctum  . 
Vauquelinia  Torreyi 
Condalia  obovata  .  . 
Porliera  angustifulia  . 
Eugenia  longipes  .  . 
Cercocarpus  ledifblius 
Sebastiania  lueida 
Mimusops  Sieberi.  . 
Amyris  sylvatica  .  . 
Keynosia  latifolia  .  . 
Olneya  Tesota  .    .  . 
Genipa  clusisefolia 
Quercus  grisea .    .  . 
Conocarpus  erecta 
Prunus  ilicifolia    .  . 
Canella  alba     .    .  . 
Sopbora  secundiflora 
Sideroxylon  Mastichodend 
Coceoloba  uvifera 
Quercus  reticulata  . 
Hypelate  paniculata 
Quercus  virens     .  , 
Coceoloba  Floridana , 
Quercus  Durandii . 
Acacia  Wriglitii   .  , 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius 
Exostema  Caribasum 
Dipholis  salicifolia  .  . 
Heteromeles  arbutifolia 
Chrysophyllum  oliviforme 
Eugenia  buxifolia .    .  . 
Eugenia  procera  .    .  . 
Quercus  oblongifolia .  . 
Ximenia  Americana  .  . 
Quercus  Emoryi  .    .  . 
Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texan  a 
Eugenia  nionticola 
Hypelate  trifoliata 


1.1938 
1.1406 
1.1338 
1.1209 
1.1155 
1.1044 
1.0844 
1.0619 
1.0602 
1.0555 
1.0397 
1.0372 
1.0359 
1.0207 
0.9908 
0.9868 
0.9727 
0.9720 
0.9686 
0  9589 
0.9503 
0.9430 
0.9414 
0.9393 
0.9310 
0.9338 
0.9333 
0.9323 
0.9289 
0.9286 
0.9276 
09244 
0.9220 
0.9205 
0.9195 
0.9129 
0.9044 
0.9003 
0.8983 
0.8976 


Species. 


latifolia 


Leucsena  glauca  .... 
Prunus  spbaarocarpa     .  . 
Eugenia  dicbotoma   .    .  , 
Avicennia  nitida  .    .    .  , 
Quercus  Douglasii    .    .  , 
Pithecolobium  Unguis  cati 
Xanthoxylum  Caribasum  . 
Myginda  pallens  .... 
Calyptrantbes  Chytraculia 
Citbarexylum  villosum  .  . 
Prunus  Caroliniana 
Drypetes  crocea  . 
Eysenbardtia  orthoca 
Crataegus  coccinea 
Drypetes  crocea,  var 
Quercus  prinoides 
Acacia  Greggii 
Sopbora  affinis  .  . 
Quercus  cbrysolepis 
Ardisia  Pickeringia 
Piscidia  Erytbrina 
Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambellii 
Carya  alba  .    .  . 
Quercus  obtusiloba 
Ptelea  trifoliata  . 
Viburnum  prunifoliu 
Pyrus  rivularis 
Myrsine  Rapanea  . 
Quercus  lyrata .  . 
Guettarda  elliptica 
Ostrya  Virginica  . 
Prunus  umbellata . 
Diospyros  Texana 
Quercus  agrifolia  . 
Carya  porcina  .    .  , 
Carya  tomentosa  . 
Corn  us  florida  .  . 
Robinia  viscosa    .  , 
Osmantbus  Americanus 
Colubrina  reclinata  . 


Fuel]  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  159 


Relative  Order. 

Species. 

He'ative  Approxi-  ! 
j  mate  tuel  Value.  J 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

|| 
< 

.t 

&  a 



81 

uarya  sulcata  

0.8035 

136 

0  7313 

82 

Sapindus  marginatus  .... 

0  8004 

137 

Pobinia  lJseudacacia  .... 

0.7296 

83 

Sapindus  feaponaria  

0  8004 

138 

Gleditschia  monosperma    .    .  . 

0.7288 

84 

HnarfHi^  1VT  w  ■  1 1  -l  I  r  Y  1 1 

wUrirLlla  IVllUIln  U  All  

0.8003 

139 

Viburnum  Ijentago  . 

0  7282 

85 

1-?  / \\  i  1 1 1  i  >i   ^Ton  IV^p  Y 1  f  "1  tl '1 

i\  tr(J- l*lt:A  l^<l  ll<l  .... 

0.7986 

140 

Crataegus  cordata  

0.725!) 

86 

lHy  rioLlCcKIUI  IIJ1S  .... 

0  7931 

141 

Que  reus  nigra  ....... 

0.7239 

87 

0  7928 

142 

0  7236 

88 

OiiDrnnc  1  i  v  nnl  p  n  f*fi 

V^uuicus  iivpuicuufi  

0.7902 

143 

Qugtcus  Catesbasi 

0  7231 

89 

^votoamic  c  1 1 1  k  V  1 1 1  n^fl 

V  / 1  <1 1  <cfci  *  *0  o  u  yj  *  *  *  i  w<i  ..... 

0.7898 

144 

Carpinus  Caroliniana 

0  7226 

90 

I^rnn  nc  I1  o  Tin  ll 

1  I  lulua  ^<tpuii  

0.7863 

145 

Ulmus  racGmosa 

0  7219 

91 

1^  rtii  rwr  l  €\   l-T'i  vn  npnsisi 

0  7848 

146 

Celtis  occidentals 

0  7208 

92 

T  ^ i  mc  n \t  mG    \/  i  vtf  1 1 1 1 i\  n  i\ 

0  7832 

147 

IIgx  Cassinc 

0  7207 

93 

TPi'ivinnc  It i*p ct or  1 1 

0  7830 

148 

Qugtcus  acjuatica  

0  7207 

94 

"R 1 1 m o  1  i  i  pnnp'it.i 

149 

Swietenia  IVIaliogoni  

0.7203 

95 

A  m  o  1  ci  n  oil  l  pr  1  HIVIIIOTISW 

*  V  1 1 1 VT  1  fill Ks  1  1  1  C  l          rtl  1  (Hit- llo  1  3  ... 

0.7795 

150 

Prunus  Americana 

0  7202 

96 

Quercus  Wislizeni 

0  7775 

151 

Ccltis  occidcntalis  var  reticulata 

0.7186 

97 

0  7748 

152 

Parkinsonia  micropliylla    .    .  , 

0.7178 

98 

Rhus  Metopium 

0  7728 

153 

Ulmus  crassifolia 

0  7158 

99 

IN/Tni'l  nm  ii  ii  via  n  ti n  r*n 

JXLrtl^  1 11  I  rt  <X  11 1  <l  1 1  1 1  CLl^cl.  ..... 

0.7683 

154 

Crataegus  Crus-galli 

0.7154 

100 

I1  n  t iprr 1 1 a  J*i\7iiliiri< 

0,7676 

155 

T^nlmiii  liitifolin 

0  7131 

101 

TVrnrn^  mir»rnnli  vl  1  n 

J'lUl  U3    IIUL-I  Ul/U  V                 .         .         .         .  . 

0.7663 

156 

Praxinus  cjuadrangulata    .    .  . 

0.7128 

102 

^pr>tn  n  rl  rn  Wi  lilpnnviimn 

.^CL-lilllLllrt.     IT    IIWCIIU*  l(lll(l«       •         .  . 

0  7647 

157 

Crataegus  *patbulata 

0  7112 

103 

C^vu  tcpcrii e  tninpiitfKJi  v'ir  niinf»tnt5i 

0.7645 

158 

r^nrvii  (ill  v rpf" orm i « 

0  709() 

104 

^  llT*\"  Cllllfl  1  Jl  nn  <3  Tf^C^O 

0  7642 

159 

Arbutus  X^alapGnsis 

0  7081 

105 

(l  HDPfMlfi  rlHT^Wll* 

0  7618 

160 

Frji  viniK  virirli« 

0  7071 

106 

Crat33"*us  flava,  vrf.  pubescens 

0.7613 

161 

Junipcrus  occidcntalis,  var.  mono- 

107 

Oupt'miq  1  a  ii  rifi  >1  i  n 

0  7610 

QTiprni  :i 

0  7062 

108 

162 

Qucrcus  tiuctoria 

0  7025 

109 

"RVsiYiniiQ  Ampripjinn  vnr  TpYPn*:i< 

0.7583 

163 

Arl^ntiiQ  A'Tpnyipeii 

0  7024 

110 

Vaccinium  arborcum 

0  7580 

164 

Fremontia  Oalitornica 

0  7021 

111 

fti'lifpffprin  frntpif'pnfl 

0  7548 

165 

l  .ii  criiiHMiliirin  T^Mpnincci 

0  7021 

112 

Crata3'JUS  tomcntosa 

0.7546 

166 

Pvrn^  f^rnniinQ 

0  7011 

113 

Prosopis  pubescens  

0.7537 

167 

r  Iimi^       1  n^ri*i < 

0  6982 

114 

Quercus  imbricaria 

0.7497 

168 

T^lirinnY  a rtrATi tp<i 

0  B95(i 

115 

Prosopis  juliflora  ...... 

0.7485 

169 

(!rjl  tfPtriiQ  "PiniKrlacii 

0  6427 

116 

PimiQ  {^nUpnsi'S 

0  7484 

170 

rfnniiQ  mp m i c c q 

0  6916 

117 

Carya  amara  

0.7474 

171 

Ouprpns  fflK'ntn 

0  6911 

118 

Andromeda  ferruginea  . 

0  7465 

172 

Ulmus  fulva 

0  6898 

119 

Arbutus  TGxana  

0.7462 

173 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis  .  • 

0.6888 

120 

Cercis  renilormis  

0.7455 

174 

Quercus  palustris 

0  6882 

121 

Cornus  Nuttallii  

0  7444 

175 

Acer  saccbarinum 

0.6875 

122 

QiiGrcus  Prinus  

0.7441 

176 

.1  ll n l nprn g   pppimpti f  nl  la    vnr  r*/iii- 

i  £■> 

0  7.1QQ 

"iiicpns 

0  6875 

124 

Quercus  Phellos 

0  7435 

177 

Pyrus  angustifolia 

0  6872 

125 

Oxvdendrum  arboreum  .... 

0  7430 

178 

Acer  saccharin um,  var.  nigrum 

0.6866 

126 

Quercus  Garryana 

0  7424 

179 

r^Trnnntt  onmictiTrilia 

0  6865 

127 

Ulmus  alata 

0  7417 

180 

A  ppr  crrnnfli^pntatnm 

0  6S58 

128 

Bumelia  lycioides 

0  7407 

181 

"Kciornft  fpTriKTinpn 

0  6848 

129 

Quercus  macrocarpa 

0  7400 

182 

rl!ini!liYlpll8    A/  J Y*fTI  11  1 1  »0 

0 

130 

0  7400 

183 

0  6H22  * 

131 

184 

0  6808 

132 

185 

Fraxinus  pistaciasfolia  .... 

0.6768 

133 

Xantboxylum  Pterota  .... 

0.7386 

186 

Crataegus  brachyacantha  .    .  . 

0.6764 

134 

Cratcfigus  apiifolia  

0.7381 

187 

0  6756 

135 

0  7368 

188 

06725 

160 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


[Fuel. 


Order. 

Species. 

Approxi- 
el  Value. 

Order. 

Species. 

A  pproxi- 
1  Value. 

Relative 

«  a 

Relative 

Relative 
mate  Fue 

189 

Jacquinia  armillaris  . 

0  6708 

244 

Pisonia  obtusata 

1  (\C\ 

1UO 

Gleditschia  triacanthos  . 

0  6686 

245 

Rptlllfl  Mf'fi Hon 1 1 1  ia 

xjcuiia  wvi^njt^ii  icillo      .      .      .  ... 

0.6012 

191 

Myrica  Californica 

0  6681 

246 

Acer  glabruni 

192 

247 

in  ivuiouijia  a\y  u itrcl  LtX  .... 

0.5974 

193 

Leucsena  pulverulenta  . 

0  6664 

248 

T?liamnil<s  f^nlif'nrnw'ti 

194 

249 

Bptiiln  ruinvrifpra 

jjtLuia   u<iuy  inrid  ..... 

0.5940 

195 

Capparis  Jamaicensis  .... 

0.6639 

250 

Xa  1)  t  ll  n  wl  11  m  OIm  V1-T-Tnrc>iilic  var 

196 

Acer  circinatum 

Triiti/^n^nm 

0.5922 

197 

Euonynius  atropurpureus  .    .  . 

0.6554 

251 

Pvrni!  %  ji  m  1  m  fifr^  i  n 

198 

Oordia  Boissieri  

0.6550 

252 

Oreodoxa  regia 

199 

Fraxinus  anomala 

0  6541 

253 

Castanea  pumila 

200 

Betula  lutea  

0.6533 

254 

Cbilopsis  saligna 

201 

Crataegus  aestivalis 

0  6527 

255 

Eicjuidambar  Styraciflua 

0.5873 

202 

Quereus  rubra  

0.6523 

256 

JMorus  rubra 

208 

Bumelia  spinosa 

0  6521 

257 

Juniperus  pacbypblosa  .... 

0.5823 

204 

Canotia  liolacantba 

0  6518 

258 

Tlpv  Oillinoli    vflr    n» vrtifr\li.i 

-i  i  vr  vv  j  v  «i  1 1  w  w  1 1 ,   veil.  J  n  \  I  [  I  j  < )  1 1 .  i  ,  . 

0.5820 

205 

Fraxinus  Americana 

0.6516 

259 

T^rnnns  ^prntini} 

0  5813 

206 

Umbellularia  Californica 

0.6492 

260 

Pinus  contorta 

207 

06488 

261 

Ilex  opaca 

208 

Bumelia  lanuginosa 
Parkinsonia  Torreyana 

0.6464 

262 

.Til ni nprii <5  nrvirlpnt'ilie 

0.5758 

ZUy 

0.6458 

Of*  '7 

ZOO 

Thrinax  parviflora 

210 

(IratflPfTiK  u rlinrpQf»pn e 

0  6155 

264 

TTVfl  vinil<s    vivirlic    vnr    "Rorl «»nfl  In 
J-'IflAIIlUo     >  11  llllo,    \  ell  .    OUl  lclllUHj- 

211 

Ulmus  Americana 

0  6454 

212 

Pinus  cembroides  • 

0.6453 

265 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia 

0.5743 

213 

(  Illpr^lw  T\ pi lnrr(_rii 

lllius  cotinoides 

0  6418 

206 

"I^vr^nn  i  nia  Inf'irin 

0.5743 

214 

0.6393 

267 

Rpriilfi  niorn 

215 

Persea  Carolinensis 

0  6380 

268 

Fraxinus  Oregana 

216 

Taxus  brevifolia 

0  6377 

269 

Ceanotlius  tliyrsiflorus 

0.5710 

217 

Persea  Carolinensis, var.  palustris 

06372 

270 

Halesia  diptera 

0.5681 

218 

0  6355 

271 

Platanus  occidentalis 

219 

T^inuc;  or  1 1 1 1  i c 

0  6348 

272 

l^iiinci  Parrv^na 

•  )OA 

220 

Oiip rp n «  p i n p rp *i 

2/3 

1  i n m n  ii<s  l^nr<liinni 

H  Udllll  1  Uo    JL    LI  1  c*l  1  1  CI  11  cl    .         .         ■         •  . 

0.5634 

221 

Chion<inthus  Virginicci  .... 

0.6340 

2<4 

Xanthoxy lum  Americanum 

0.5622 

222 

Tuxus  Floridan?i 

0.6327 

275 

Pinus  monopliylla 

223 

JVIfignoliri  gr&ndiflorci 

0.6326 

Zib 

224 

pJv^^n  «:vlvntipn 

Ot^rci**  C<intid6nsis 

0  6323 

1577 

T-?Mlps;iii  tptriintpm 

225 

0  6317 

2/8 

Pinus  clausa 

2  ZD 

Hnrp^ti pn  n pn m in  n  f  n 

0  6299 

Z(\) 

Pinus  Balfouriana  var.  aristata 

U.OOOt) 

227 

Lysilonici  lRtisili(jUfi 

0  6282 

280 

Castanopsis  cbrysopliylla  .  . 

0.5554 

228 

Rhododendron  maximum 

0.6280 

ZoL 

Salix  lasiolepis 

A  KitOO 

229 

Frnxinus  samljucif  olici 

0  6273 

282 

Juniperus  Californica,  var.  Tlta- 

230 

Clndr#stis  tinctorici 

0  6260 

bensis  . 

0  5495 

231 

UngnRdia,  sp<?cios3» 

0  6258 

283 

Hippomane  IMancinella  .... 

0.5474 

232 

Yuccci  cnnnliculcitci 

0  6258 

284 

Acer  rubrum  var.  I^rummondii  . 

0.5440 

233 

Frtixinu^  pub(?scGns 

0  6235 

285 

Pinus  Cliihuabuana  . 

0  5436 

234 

Juniperus  Cfllifornicni 

0.6235 

286 

Pinus  Taeda  

0.5427 

235 

V/I  cMcll  I  let  L>  lit  U!  Ul  11 1  let    •       •  • 

0.6234 

287 

TJliammiQ  i  i vnl i n im na 

0  5427 

236 

\,  ii  tiro^^n «:  m  n  pro  pi  rnn 

0  6225 

288 

Pinus  Balfouriana  

0.5412 

237 

Cliftonia  ligustrina  

0.6223 

289 

Pyrus  Americana  

0  5406 

238 

0  6215 

290 

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana 

0.5391 

239 

Acer  rubrum  

0.6155 

291 

Salix  Hookcriana  

0.5333 

240 

06119 

292 

0  5328 

241 

0  6086 

293 

242 

0  6067 

294 

0.5307 

243 

Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita  .    .  . 

0.6033 

1 

295 

Fuel] 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


161 


Species. 


Magnolia  macrophylla  .  .  . 
Symp locos  tinctoria  .... 
Salix  longifolia,  var.  exigua  . 
Acer  Pennsylvanicum    .    .  . 

Planera  aquatica  

Acer  dasycarpum  

Rhus  copallina  

Pinus  Jeffreyi  

Tsuga  Mertensiana  .... 

Nyssa  uniflora  

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  .  .  . 
Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata 

Pinus  rigida  

Torreya  taxifolia  ..... 
Washingtonia  filifera    .    .  . 

Salix  Sitchensis  

Sassafras  officinale  .... 
Pinus  Arizonica  ..... 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis 

Magnolia  glauca  

Sambucus  glauca  

Prunus  Pennsylvanica  .    .  . 

Magnolia  Fraseri  

Alnus  maritima  

iEsculus  California  .... 

Salix  flavescens  

Pinus  muricata  

Pinus  pungens  

Juniperus  Virginiana    .    .  . 

Salix  longifolia  

Acer  maerophyllum  .... 
Populus  Fremontii  .... 

Pinus  reflexa  

Pinus  Torreyana  

Salix  laevigata  

Pinus  resinosa  

Platanus  racemosa  .... 
Cupressus  Guadalupensis  .  . 

Pinus  Sabiniana  

Anona  laurifolia  

Negundo  Californium  .    .  . 

Alnus  rubra  

Chamaeeyparis  Nutkaensis 
Ilex  Dahoon  ...... 

Pinus  Banksiana  

Salix  lasiandra  

Pinus  ponderosa  

Torreya  California  .  .  .  . 
Gordonia  Lasianthus 
Abies  magnifica  .  .  .  .  . 
Magnolia  acuminata  .... 
Platanus  Wrightii  .... 
Cupressus  Goveniana    .    .  . 

Alnus  serrulata  

Chamaeeyparis  Lawsoniana  . 


0.5290 

0.5289 

0.5285 

0.5280 

0.5270 

0.5252 

0.5241 

0.5192 

0.5160 

0.5158 

0.5153 

0.5140 

0.5139 

0.5107 

0.5075 

0.5042 

0.5037 

0.5028 

0.5015 

0.5011 

0.5007 

0.5003 

0.4989 

0.4977 

0.4945 

0.4939 

0.4929 

0.4922 

0.4920 

0.4906 

0.4882 

0.4876 

0.4864 

0.4862 

0.4844 

0.4841 

0.4826 

0.4822 

0.4821 

0.4807 

0.4795 

0.4793 

0.4766 

0.4762 

0.4750 

0.4727 

0.4698 

0.4696 

0.4692 

0.4687 

0.4676 

0.4672 

0.4668 

0.4648 

0.4616 


351 

352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
357 
358 

359 

360 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

367 

368 

369 

370 

371 

372 

373 

374 

375 

376 

377 

378 

379 

380 

381 

382 

383 

384 

385 

386 

387 

388 

389 

390 

391 

392 

393 

394 

395 

396 

397 

398 

399 

400 

401 

402 

403 

404 


Species. 


Populus  grandidentata  .... 

Nyssa  capitata  

Alnus  incana  

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana 

Picea  nigra   

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 

Pinus  insignis  

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  ma- 

crocarpa   

Abies  nobilis  

Taxodium  distichum  .... 
Sambucus  Mexicana  .... 

Ficus  pedunculata  

iEsculus  glabra  

Tilia  Americana  

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 
Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis  . 

Magnolia  Umbrella  

Salix  amygdaloides  

Catalpa  bignonioides  .... 

Tsuga  Pattoniana  

Salix  nigra  

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  . 

Salix  sessilifolia  

Rhus  venenata  

Pinus  flexilis  

Rhus  typhina  

Negundo  aceroides  

Picea  Sitchensis  

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

Salix  discolor  

JEseulus  flava  

Tilia  heterophylla  

Liriodendron  Tulipifera    .    .  . 

Tsuga  Canadensis  

Abies  amabilis  

Sequoia  sempervirens  .... 

Pinus  albicaulis  

Catalpa  speciosa  

Populus  balsamifera,var.candicans 

Magnolia  cordata  

Pinus  Coulteri  

Alnus  rhombifolia  

Simaruba  glauca  

Pinus  Murrayana  

Sabal  Palmetto  

Jiiglans  cinerea  

Populus  heterophylla  .... 

Yucca  alata  

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens 

Picea  alba  

Libocedrus  decurrens  .... 

Populus  tremuloides  

Alnus  oblongifolia  

Asimina  triloba  


0.4559 
0.4545 
0.4524 
0.4522 
0.4506 
0.4503 
0.4500 
0.4496 
0.4493 
0.4478 
0.4468 
0.4457 
0.4434 
0.4425 
0.4411 
0.4375 
0.4354 
0.4346 
0.4335 
0.4282 
0.4280 
0.4258 
0.4243 
0.4231 
0.4227 
0.4220 
0.4220 
0.4218 
0.4202 
0.4154 
0.4149 
0.4142 
0.4126 
0.4118 
0.4104 
0.4098 
0.4083 
0.4067 
0.4065 
0.4056 
0.4055 
0.4048 
0.4038 
0.4014 
0.4010 
0.3964 
0.3961 


11 


162 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


[Fuel. 


Order.  j 

Species. 

Approxi- 
el  Value. 

Order. 

Species. 

Approxi- 
;1  Value. 

*** 

I 

«  3 

Relat 

Relat 

Relat 

Relat 

4UO 

Firms  glabra  

41o 

C\  OK  ACt 

406 

419 

Abies  grandis  

0.3528 

407 

Populus  angustifolia  

0.3881 

420 

1  raxinus  platycarpa  

0.3515 

408 

0  3852 

421 

0,3487 

409 

Pinus  Strobus  

0.3847 

422 

0  3461 

410 

0  3802 

423 

Picea  Pingeliuanni  

0.3338 

411 

0  3790 

424 

Chamascyparis  sphgeroidea 

0.3311 

412 

Populus  trichocarpa  

0  37(56 

425 

Thuya  occidentals  

0.3152 

413 

Picea  pungens 

0.3726 

426 

Cereus  giganteus 

0  3078 

414 

0.3676 

427 

0  2942 

415 

0  3611 

428 

Sequoia  gigantea  

0.2868 

416 

0.3607 

429 

0  2484 

417 

0  3588 

430 

0  2480 

Elasticity  .~\ 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


163 


TABLE  IV. 


The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Elasticity  of 
their  Woods  (  Coefficient  of  Elasticity,  —  Kilogram,  Centimetre). 


w 
cS 

a 

u 

S 

m 

© 

Species. 

mt  of 

V 

o 

Species. 

:nt  of 

ative 

> 

f  1? 

U  '3 

m 

o  '3 
C>  T3 

i 
i 

165810 

a  n 
47 

114108 

o 
Z 

Rhizophora  Mangle  

165567 

48 

113627 

Q 

o 

161723 

49 

Coccoloba  Jblondana  .... 

113538 

A 

e± 

158533 

50 

113216 

p. 
0 

157747 

51 

112847 

157510 

52 

112798 

7 

148733 

CO 

53 

112461 

Q 

o 

Carya  myristieaefonnis     .    .  . 

146484 

.  54 

Chrysopliyllum  oliviforme    .  . 

112424 

Q 

146108 

55 

112296 

10 
xu 

141398 

56 

111698 

1 1 
1 1 

140151 

57 

Populus  trichocarpa  .... 

111694 

12 

58 

111322 

13 

ow 

Hypelate  paniculata  .... 

111144 

14 

137483 

60 

110973 

i  ^ 

Ostrya  Virginiea  

137276 

61 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco  .... 

110973 

16 

Dipholis  salicifolia  

133593 

62 

109987 

1  7 
J.  < 

133438 

63 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron  . 

109948 

18 

130557 

64 

109628 

1  Q 

J.  u 

Robinia  Pseudacacia  .... 

129238 

65 

109200 

20 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii .... 

128297 

66 

Gleditschia  triacanthos     .    .  . 

108579 

91 

127660 

67 

108507 

99 
_— 

Salix  flavescens,  var.Scouleriana 

126216 

1  68 

108507 

23 

126126 

69 

108507 

24 

126013 

70 

108507 

25 

Quercus  laurifolia  

125916 

71 

108507 

26 

Citharexylum  villosum    .    .  . 

125717 

72 

108507 

27 

125473 

73 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Tex- 

28 

Osmanthus  Americanus  ... 

123133 

108174 

29 

122657 

74 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  .... 

107327 

30 

Quercus  heterophylla  .... 

122494 

75 

Umbellularia  Californica  .    .  . 

106766 

31 

Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana  .  . 

121772 

76 

Swietenia  Mahogoni  .... 

106272 

32 

120996 

77 

106046 

33 

Quercus  chrysolepis  .... 

119810 

78 

Populus  Fremontii  

105116 

34 

Amelanchier  Canadensis  .    .  . 

119677 

79 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  ma- 

35 

Exostema  Caribaeum  .... 

119357 

105007 

36 

Quercus  imbricaria  

119357 

80 

105007 

37 

Pinus  muricata  

119357 

81 

105005 

38 

119111 

82 

Gynmocladus  Canadensis     .  . 

104822 

39 

Gleditschia  monosperma  .    .  . 

116991 

83 

103890 

40 

116957 

84 

103884 

41 

Magnolia  macrophylla  .... 

116854 

85 

103468 

42 

Carya  tomentosa  

114995 

86 

Quercus  tinctoria  

103427 

43 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana .    .    .  . 

114889 

87 

103372 

44 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  .... 

114881 

88 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana  .  . 

103343 

45 

114316 

89 

Carya  porcina  

103300 

46 

114108 

90 

Taxodium  distichum  .... 

103206 

164 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPER' 


.TIES  OF  THE  WOODS  [Eh 


lasticity. 


species. 


11a 


Cornus  Nuttallii  , 
Carya  amara  .  . 
Cbamascyparis  Nutkaens 
Acer  saccbarinum,  var. 
Conoearpus  electa  . 
Picea  alba  .... 
Fraxinus  Americana 
Carya  aquatica    .  . 
Castanopsis  cbrysopby 
Mimusops  Sieberi  . 
Cladrastis  tinctoria  . 
Bourreria  Havanensis 
Populus  monilifera  . 
Myrica  Calif ornica  . 
Picea  Sitcbensis  .  . 
Pinus  insignis  ... 
Sophora  affinis    .  . 
Colubrina  reclinata  . 
Quercus  nigra .    .  . 
Abies  Fraseri  .    .  . 
Quercus  alba  .    .  . 
Quercus  Michauxii  . 
Quercus  densiflora  . 
Populus  grandidentata 
Abies  grandis  .    .  . 
Quercus  a  grifolia  .  . 
Ulmuc  fulva    .    .  . 
Pinus  monticola  .  . 
Negundo  Californicum 
Magnolia  Fraseri  .  . 
Quercus  hypoleuca  . 
Maclura  aurantiaca  . 
Acer  rubrum  .    .  . 
Pinus  Banksiana  .  . 
Magnolia  cordata 
Prunus  Caroliniana  . 
Siniaruba  glauca  .  . 
Quercus  macrocarpa 
Magnolia  acuminata 
Pinus  Jeffrey i  .    .  . 
Liriodendron  Tulipifen 
Betula  occidentalis  . 
Magnolia  glauca  .  . 
Pinus  reflexa  .    .  . 
Rbamnus  Pursbiana 
Abies  concolor     .  . 
Viburnum  prunifolium 
Quercus  bicolor  .  . 
Magnolia  grandiflora 
Fraxinus  viridis  .  . 
Crataegus  subvillosa . 
Tsuga  Canadensis 
Oxydendrum  arboreum 
Myrica  cerifera 
Salix  lasiolepis 
Pinus  ponderosa 


grum 


3 

■s 

.22 

si 

a> . « 
o  o 
OS 


103081 
10298G 
102881 
102720 
102411 
102280 
101C68 
101261 
101195 
10022G 
100226 
99649 
99417 
991G1 
99001 
97850 
97G94 
97656 
97656 
97170 
97089 
96373 
96347 
96327 
95838 
9527G 
95274 
£5008 
•  94532 
94462 
94409 
94373 
94284 
94231 
94073 


93217 
92929 
92817 
92777 
92GG7 
92424 
91299 
91287 
91268 
90889 
90654 
90G36 
C0330 
90313 
90023 
89970 
88851 
88778 
88778 
88731 


147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 

161 

162 
163 
164 
165 
166 
167 
168 
169 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
170 
177 
178 
179 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
185 
180 
187 
188 
189 
190 
191 
192 
193 
194 
195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
200 
201 


Species. 


Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  . 
Fraxinus  sambucifolia  .... 

Olneya  Tesota  

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata 
Xantboxylum  Caribaeum  .  .  . 
Platanus  occidentalis  .... 
Liquidambar  Styraciflua  .    .  . 

Guaiacum  sanctum  

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis  . 

Quercus  Wislizeni  

Prunus  serotina  

Quercus  oblongifolia  .... 
Populus  balsamifera  .... 
Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Ameri- 
cana   

Pinus  Strobus  

Piscidia  Erytbrina  

Persea  Carolincnsis,  var.  palustris 

Fraxinus  Oregana  

Libocedrus  decurrens  .... 

Tilia  beteropbylla  

Alnus  rbombifolia  

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 

Tilia  Americana  

Persea  Carolinensis  ..... 

Arbutus  Menziesii  

Quercus  Durandii  

Sapindus  marginatus  .... 
Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia  . 

Quercus  obtusiloba  

Torreya  taxifolia  

Prunus  Americana  

Prosopis  pubescens  

Morus  rubra  

Pinus  Arizonica  

Catalpa  speciosa  

Cornus  florida  

Abies  balsamea  

Nyssa  sylvatica  

Populus  tremuloides  .... 
Andromeda  ferruginea .... 

Juglans  cinerea  

Fraxinus  pubescens  

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens 

Quercus  Garryana  

Picea  Engelmanni  

Pinus  pungens  

Gordonia  Lasiantbus  .... 

Pinus  Lambertiana  *  

Crataegus  arborcscens  .... 

Quercus  Pbellos  

Cliftonia  ligustrina  

Diospyros  Vireiniana  .... 

Bumelia  lycioides  

Acer  macropbyllum  

Tsuga  Pattoniana  


Elasticity. ~\ 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


165 


Elas- 

ti 

Elas- 

Orde 

Species. 

nt  of 

Orde 

Species. 

nt  of 

> 

efficie 
ity. 

lative 

efficie 
ity. 

5 

o-J 

202 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata 

77439 

256 

Svmplocos  tinctoria 

62202 

203 

Quercus  DouWasii  

I'M  mis  Murray  an  a  

77166 

257 

Arbutus  Xalapensis  ..... 

61577 

204 

77113 

258 

Juniperus  pachyphlcea  .... 

61275 

205 

Alnus  oblon  (yif  olia 

76937 

259 

Prunus  an°°ustifolia 

60281 

206 

Prunus  demissa  •  

76895 

260 

Bumelia  cuneata  . 

60281 

207 

Abies  subalpina  

76199 

261 

Fraxinus  pistaciaefolia  .... 

60119 

208 

Tax  us  brevifolia  • 

76133 

262 

Pinus  Balfouriana  

59386 

.209 

Bumelia  tenax  

75120 

263 

Crataegus  aestivalis  

59185 

210 

Quercus  cinerea  

75120 

264 

Pinus  Sabiniana  

58517 

211 

XTl  in  us  Americana  

74742 

265 

Kalmia  latifolia  . 

58484 

212 

Quercus  Kelloccii  

74488 

266 

58297 

213 

Magnolia  Umbrella  . 

74365 

267 

Negundo  aceroides  . 

58156 

214 

Rhamnus  Caroliniana  .... 

74084 

268 

58127 

215 

Quercus  "risea 

73982 

269 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambellii 

57162 

216 

Rhus  copallina 

73647 

270 

56346 

217 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  con- 

271 

Parkinsonia  Torreyana 

55839 

ju^ens ....  , 

73426 

272 

Picea  pungens  

55360 

218 

273 

Planera  aquatica  

55167 

219 

Crataegus  tomentosa  .... 

73160 

274 

Pinus  clausa  

54421 

220 

Pop ul us  balsamifera,  v.ir.  can- 

275 

54295 

270 

Pinus  inops  

54295 

221 

Betula  <alba,  var.  populifolia  . 

72970 

277 

54213 

222 

Juglans  rupestris 

72632 

278 

Thuva  occidentalis  

53311 

223 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis 

72577 

279 

59503 

224 

72575 

280 

Ulmus  alata  

52323 

225 

Laguncularia  racemosa 

72396 

281 

Sassafras  officinale  . 

51910 

226 

Populus  heterophylla  . 

72338 

282 

51678 

227 

Acer  circinatum  . 

71810 

283 

Salix  amvgdaloides  . 

50144 

228 

71664 

284 

Anona  laurifolia 

50113 

229 

Pinus  Balfouriana  var.  aristata 

71482 

285 

Cupressus  Goveniana 

49941 

230 

71282 

286 

Cyrilla  racemifolia 

48828 

231 

Crataegus  flava,  var.  pubescens  . 

70765 

287 

Salix  laevigata 

48828 

232 

Ulmus  crassifolia. 

70399 

288 

Bumelia  lanuginosa  .... 

48334 

233 

Forestiera  acuminata  .... 

70282 

289 

Asimina  triloba  . 

48179 

234 

Cercis  Canadensis  

68798 

290 

Fraxinus  platycarpa  .... 

47637 

235 

68527 

291 

Pisonia  obtusata   

45503 

236 

Halesia  diptera  

68321 

292 

Bysiloma  latisiliqua  .... 

46064 

237 

Pinckneya  pubens   

68291 

293 

Populus  an°Tistifolia 

45847 

238 

^sculus  Californica  .... 

68216 

294 

Platanus  Wri^htii  . 

45644 

239 

Catalpa  bignonioides  .... 

68161 

295 

Sequoia  gigantea  

45146 

240 

Nyssa  capitata  

68083 

296 

Pinus  glabra 

44750 

241 

Sequoia  sempervirens  .... 

67646 

297 

Pinus  nionophylla 

43488 

242 

Finns  flexilis  . 

67531 

298 

Pinus  tuberculata 

42870 

243 

Crataegus  spathulata  .... 

67349 

299 

"Pinus  edulis 

42094 

244 

Juniperus  Virginiana  .... 

66992 

300 

Bur^era  gummifera 

41694 

245 

Carya  olivaeformis  

66646 

301 

Ficus  pedunculata    .  . 

40690 

246 

Crataegus  Crus-galli . 

66436 

302 

Cliamaecy paris  sphaeroidea    .  • 

40410 

247 

Abies  magnifica  

66220 

303 

Torreya  Californica  .... 

40146 

248 

Rhododendron  maximum 

64578 

304 

249 

64438 

305 

Salix  nigra  .   

39062 

250 

64317 

306 

251 

64241 

307 

37783 

252 

64192 

308 

Sambucus  glauca  

30517 

253 

309 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana 

30517 

254 

62600 

310 

25699 

255 

62401 

166 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS  [Strength. 


TABLE  V. 


The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Strength  of 
their  Woods  (Modulus  of  Rupture,  —  Kilogram,  Centimetre). 


i 
s 

Rupture 

V 

Rupturej 

o 

Species. 

<t-l 
o 

o 

Species. 

<«-! 
o 

Relative 

Modulus 

Relative 

Modulus 

1 

Larya  myristicaelormis  .... 

1394 

45 

1045 

2 

46 

1043 

3 

1273 

47 

1041 

4 

Quereus  ehrysolepis  

1268 

48 

5 

1248 

49 

1036 

6 

1238 

50 

1031 

7 

1227 

51 

1031 

8 

1218 

52 

Gleditsehia  monosperma  .... 

1027 

9 

1216 

53 

1026 

10 

1216 

54 

1025 

11 

1207 

55 

Quereus  rubra,  var.  Texana 

1024 

12 

1200 

56 

1019 

13 

1193 

57 

1017 

14 

1190 

5<s 

1005 

15 

1181 

59 

1003 

16 

1176 

60 

Quereus  Douglasii  

993 

17 

1172 

61 

993 

18 

1172 

62 

993 

19 

1164 

63 

993 

20 

1152 

i'  i 
b4 

Cornus  Nuttallii  

Afll 

991 

21 

1149 

65 

991 

22 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  

1149 

66 

989 

23 

1148 

67 

989 

24 

1148 

68 

Quereus  maerocarpa  

982 

25 

1134 

69 

972 

26 

Amelanchier  Canadensis     .    .  . 

1132 

70 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron  . 

970 

27 

1131 

71 

Acer  saeeharinum,  var.  nigrum  . 

962 

28 

1129 

72 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco  

961 

29 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis 

1125 

73 

Viburnum  prunifolium  .... 

951 

30 

1118 

74 

946 

31 

Quereus  hypoleuca  

1113 

75 

944 

32 

■1101 

76 

942 

33 

1090 

77 

Citharexylum  villosum  .... 

937 

34 

1083 

78 

937 

35 

1078 

79 

935 

36 

1073 

80 

Prunus  Caroliniana  

928 

37 

1066 

81 

Gleditsehia  triacanthos  .... 

923 

88 

1065 

82 

914 

39 

1055 

83 

Coccoloba  Floridana  

918 

40 

1054 

84 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana  .... 

909 

41 

1052 

85 

909 

42 

Osmanthus  American  us  .... 

1051 

86 

Salix  flaveseens,  var.  Scouleriana 

909 

43 

1046 

87 

909 

44 

1046 

88 

907 

Strength. 1 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


167 


ative  Order. 

Species. 

idulus  of  Rupture. 

lative  Order. 

)dulus  of  Rupture. 

« 

a 

oy 

905 

144 

782 

on 
yu 

904 

145 

779 

Q1 
dl 

904 

146 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia    .  . 

778 

U9 

902 

147 

775 

yo 

902 

148 

773 

901 

149 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis    .    .  . 

771 

Fraxinus  viridis  

895 

150 

770 

yo 

894 

151 

770 

Q7 

Cbamaecyparis  Lawsoniana  . 

888 

152 

768 

98 

887 

153 

766 

884 

154 

Juniperus  pacbypblcea  .... 

761 

inn 

883 

155 

761 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii  .... 

881 

156 

756 

102 

879 

157 

Xantboxylum  Caribaeum     .    .  . 

754 

103 

879 

158 

Piscidia  Erytlirina  

752 

104 

872 

159 

Rhamnus  Pursbiana  

750 

10^ 

869 

160 

750 

106 

869 

161 

749 

107 

864 

162 

747 

108 

864 

163 

747 

109 

862 

164 

Pin  us  Jeffrey  i  

744 

110 

861 

165 

Castanopsis  cbrysopbylla    .    .  . 

741 

111 

Chrysophyllum  oliviformo  .    .  . 

857 

166 

740 

1 19 

857 

167 

740 

113 

856 

168 

739 

114 

i  itt 

852 

169 

738 

115 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  ma- 

170 

736 

846 

171 

736 

116 

843 

172 

Oxydendrum  arboreum  .... 

728 

117 

832 

173 

726 

118 

830 

174 

726 

119 

829 

175 

Crataegus  flava,  var.  pubescens 

724 

120 

820 

176 

724 

121 

Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palustris 

820 

177 

721 

122 

820 

178 

Populus  grandidentata  .... 

721 

123 

818 

179 

Pinus  ponderosa  

720 

124 

815 

180 

719 

125 

813 

181 

Tsuga  Pattoniana  

719 

126 

Acer  rubrum  

811 

182 

Forestiera  acuminata  

717 

127 

811 

183 

Crataegus  aestivalis  

712 

128 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  .... 

811 

184 

709 

129 

811 

185 

707 

130 

808 

186 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia  . 

707 

1.31 

806 

187 

703 

132 

Umbellularia  Californica     .    .  . 

806 

188 

703 

133 

Betula  oceidentalis  

806 

189 

701 

134 

Celtis  oceidentalis,  var.  reticulata 

805 

190 

135 

Chamaecyparis  Nutkaensis  .    .  . 

801 

191 

Magnolia  macropbylla  .... 

696 

136 

800 

192 

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 

696 

137 

Negundo  Californicura  .... 

796 

193 

691 

138 

796 

194 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 

691 

139 

7G2 

195 

686 

140 

792 

196 

686 

141 

792 

197 

Acer  macrophyllum  

684 

142 

789 

198 

682 

143 

787 

199 

682 

168 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


[Strength. 


Species. 


Libocedrus  decurrens  .... 
Taxodium  distichum  .... 
Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambellii 
Primus  emarginata,  var.  mollis 
Andromeda  ferruginea  .  .  . 
Populus  tremuloides  .... 
Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia  . 

Bumelia  tenax  

Magnolia  acuminata  .... 
Gordonia  Lasianthus  .... 

Fraxinus  Oregana  

Populus  trichocarpa  .... 

Rhus  copallina  

Rhododendron  maximum    .  . 

Pinus  inops  

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  .    .  . 

Rhus  Metopium  

Nyssa  uniflora  

Crataegus  Crus-galli  .... 
Pinus  Balf'ouriana,  var.  aristata 

Pinus  Arizonica  

Pinus  Banksiana  

Liquidambar  Styraeiflua .    .  . 

Picea  Sitchensis  

Salix  laevigata  

Populus  heterophylla  .... 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  . 

Kalmia  latifolia  

Abies  Fraseri  

^Fsculus  Californica  .... 

Catalpa  speciosa  

Platanus  occidentalis  .... 

Pinus  Strobus  

Pinus  fiexilis  

Fraxinus  pistaciaefolia  .... 

Crataegus  arborescens  

Planera  aquatiea  

Symplocos  tinetoria  

Arbutus  Xalapensis  

Pinus  montieola  

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans 

Anona  laurifolia  

Sassafras  officinale  

Magnolia  cordata  

Juglans  rupestris  

Juglans  cinerea  

Sequoia  sempervirens  

Pinus  Lambertiana  

Catalpa  bignonioides  

Tilia  Americana  

Magnolia  Umbrella  

Torreya  Californica  

Pinus  albicaulis  

Chilopsis  saligna  

Carya  olivaeformis  

Tilia  heterophylla  


682 
682 
680 
679 
679 
677 
675 
673 
671 
670 
665 
665 
663 
663 
658 
657 
656 
655 
653 
653 
653 
652 
651 
649 
644 
642 
640 
639 
639 
635 
635 
635 
626 
624 
622 
621 
621 
619 
618 
609 
609 
607 
602 
600 
600 
597 
597 
597 
590 
589 
583 


581 
578 
578 
577 


256 
257 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
264 
265 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 

287 
288 
289 
290 
291 
292 
293 
294 
295 
296 
297 
298 
299 
300 
301 
302 
303 
304 
305 
300 
307 
308 
309 
310 


Species. 


Picea  Engelmanni  

Ilex  Dahoon  

Rhamnus  Caroliniana  

Simaruba  glauca  

Pinus  Murrayana  

Bumelia  lycioides  

Platanus  racemosa  

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens  . 

Lysiloma  latisiliqua  

Salix  amygdaloides  

Populus  balsamifera  

Parkinsonia  Torreyana  .    .    .  . 

Cupressus  Goveniana  

Fraxinus  platycarpa  

Negundo  aceroides  

Cliftonia  ligustrina  

Laguncularia  racemosa  .    .    .  . 

Bumelia  cuneata  

Abies  balsa mea  

Thuya  occidentalis  

Crataegus  spathulata  

Pinus  clausa  

Pinus  glabra  

iEsculus  glabra  

Abies  grandis  

Prosopis  juliflora  

Pyrus  coronaria  ....... 

Abies  subalpina  

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana. 

Prunus  angustifolia  

Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  con- 

jugens   

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

Sequoia  gigantea  

Chamaecyparis  sphaeroidea  .    .  . 

Picea  pungens  

Pinus  edulis  

Pyrus  sambueifolia  

Washingtonia  filifera  

Platanus  Wrightii  

Pinus  Parryana  

Byrsonima  lucida  

Salix  nigra  

Pinus  Balf'ouriana  

Pinus  tuberculata  

Pinckneya  pubens   

Populus  angustifolia  

Asimina  triloba  

Bumelia  lanuginosa  

Sambucus  glauca  

Cyrilla  racemirlora  

Pisonia  obtusata  • 

Pinus  monophylla  

Ficus  aurea  

Ficus  pedunculata  

Bursera  gummifera  .... 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


169 


TABLE  VI. 


The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Power  of 
their  Woods  to  resist  Longitudinal  Compression. 


tive  Order. 

Species. 

ihing  Weight. 

tive  Order. 

Species. 

hing  Weight. 

a 

D 

% 
PS 

U 

O 

PS 

1 

on/ 

oy 

Carva  tomentosa  

593 

2 

Rhizopl lora  ]Maiio'le 

860 

40 

Viburnum  prunifolium  

592 

o 
O 

eon 

boy 

A  1 

41 

592 

A 

4 

Madura,  aurantiaca  . 

Dan 

:  An 
!  4^ 

Prosopis  j uliflora  . 

588 

5 

Cond;ilia  ferrea 

'    A  O 

\  ™ 

Prunus  Americana 

588 

o 

Oanella  alba 

!    A  A 

!  44 

Gleditschia  monosperma  .... 

584 

rj 
I 

Coccoloba  Floridana 

T71 

1    A  K. 

40 

Juglans  nigra 

583 

o 
O 

Exostema  Oaribajum 

tOL 

Alt 

\  40 

Quercus  rubra  var.  Texana 

582 

9 

Amyris  ^ylvatica 

748 

1  47 

(arya  porcina  . 

577 

10 

Acacia  Gre°'orii . 

743 

48 

Bourreria  Havanensis  

575 

11 

49 

Quercus  prinoides 

575 

12 

Dipholis  salicifolia 

730 

50 

Persea  C;trolincnsis 

573 

13 

Robinia  Pseudacacia . 

694 

51 

Sopliora  affinis  . 

570 

14 

Citharexylum  villosum  

689 

52 

Umbellularia  Californica 

568 

15 

689 

63 

562 

16 

Xanthoxylum  Caribreum  .... 

685 

54 

559 

17 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana  

683 

55 

557 

18 

672 

56 

555 

10 

671 

57 

Pinus  contorta  

554 

20 

Ameianchier  Canadensis  .... 

670 

58 

553 

21 

666 

59 

552 

22 

666 

60 

Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nigrum  .  . 

550 

23 

664 

61 

Prunus  serotina  

547 

24 

663 

62 

Osmanthus  Americanus  .... 

547 

25 

655 

63 

Tsuga  Mertensiana  

547 

26 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron    .  . 

650 

64 

547 

27 

65 

545 

28 

638 

66 

Prunus  ilicifolia  

544 

29 

629 

67 

542 

30 

625 

68 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis 

541 

31 

621 

69 

539 

32 

619 

70 

538 

33 

619 

71 

538 

34 

619 

72 

538 

35 

Conocarpus  erecta  

599 

73 

536 

36 

Clirysopbyllum  oliviforme .... 

598 

74 

534 

37 

597 

75 

534 

38 

596 

76 

534 

170 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


lative  Order. 

Species. 

ushing  Weight. 

lative  Order. 

Species. 

ishing  Weight. 

P3 

a> 

77 

Rhus  Metopium  

533 

132 

Salix  flavescens,  var.  Scouleriana  . 

468 

78 

Quercus  Wislizenii  ....... 

533 

133 

467 

79 

Myrica  Californica  

532 

134 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua  .... 

466 

80 

Juniperus  oecidentalis,var.conjugens 

532 

135 

Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana   .    .  . 

466 

81 

Crataegus  flava,  var.  pubescens   .  . 

527 

136 

Acer  rubrum  

463 

82 

526 

137 

Fraxinus  Americana  

463 

83 

522 

138 

Quercus  agrifolia  

463 

84 

520 

139 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  macro- 

85 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia    .  . 

520 

463 

86 

519 

140 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis 

460 

87 

511 

141 

460 

88 

511 

142 

460 

89 

510 

143 

Acer  circinatum  

459 

90 

509 

144 

457 

91 

Quercus  Garryana  

505 

145 

455 

92 

505 

146 

Chamaecyparis  Nutkaensis .... 

455 

93 

504 

147 

455 

94 

Diospyros  Virginiana  

503 

148 

95 

Arbutus  Menziesii  

502 

149 

96 

501 

150 

Bumelia  tenax  

452 

97 

501 

151 

98 

152 

450 

99 

500 

153 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis     .  . 

449 

100 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  .... 

499 

154 

Laguncularia  racemosa  

449 

101 

155 

449 

102 

156 

449 

103 

498 

157 

448 

104 

497 

158 

446 

105 

495 

159 

445 

106 

Quercus  lyrata  

492 

160 

445 

107 

491 

161 

445 

108 

491 

162 

444 

109 

490 

163 

442 

110 

Magnolia  macrophylla  

489 

164 

439 

111 

Bumelia  lycioides  

489 

165 

Rhododendron  maximum  .... 

439 

112 

489 

166 

438 

113 

487 

167 

437 

114 

Quercus  obtusiloba  .    .  ... 

487 

168 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata  . 

437 

115 

487 

169 

435 

116 

486 

170 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla  .... 

435 

117 

483 

171 

435 

118 

482 

172 

434 

119 

482 

173 

434 

120 

482 

174 

434 

121 

482 

175 

431 

122 

481 

176 

Crataegus  Crus-galli  

430 

123 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata  .  . 

479 

177 

430 

124 

479 

178 

427 

125 

Bumelia  cuneata  

478 

179 

427 

126 

478 

180 

Simaruba  glauca  

426 

127 

477 

181 

424 

128 

Quercus  densiflpra  

475 

182 

424 

129 

470 

183 

423 

130 

469 

184 

423 

131 

468 

185 

422 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  171 


Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

188 

p  .  .         .  ,  ,. 

421 

241 

377 

187 

IVIriT'nG  Villi!*'! 

420 

242 

Tjiriorlpnrl rnn  rPnlitii'fprii 

372 

188 

419 

243 

I  UpillUa  X  1 t;  11IUI1  111,  V<ll.    lVlsII/icIIl  . 

372 

189 

419 

244 

1 1 1 1 c\ n l n  lifrnctr'iri'i 

371 

190 

Magnolia  Fraseri  

418 

245 

Persea  Oarolinensis,  var.  palustris  . 

367 

191 

417 

246 

T^iniiG  l1nnlf"pvi 

367 

192 

Quercus  nndulata,  var.  Gambtllii 

417 

247 

193 

417 

248 

306 

194 

417 

249 

365 

195 

416 

250 

365 

196 

416 

251 

364 

197 

415 

252 

362 

198 

415 

253 

360 

199 

412 

254 

359 

200 

410 

255 

Populus  grandideutata  

358 

201 

Salix  flavcsccns  ■  

408 

256 

202 

407 

257 

355 

203 

407 

258 

355 

204 

407 

259 

354 

205 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens 

405 

260 

353 

206 

iJlUULclli  Uo  UtrULHICllS  ..... 

403 

261 

353 

207 

TcnrTQ   (  irnlinidiiQ 

403 

262 

208 

rriimic  q  n  <Tii  g  f  i  Tol  i  ct 

402 

263 

TIpv  l~)ilifinii 

J  11  a  XJ  clllUUH  •  

349 

209 

A  rKtitnc  "V"  a  1  ti  T^o  Mela 

401 

264 

349 

210 

H  firoctiorQ  Q  r»n  i vi  l  ii q  f" i 

401 

265 

I-^innc  pi'liilio 

349 

211 

l-rVninfiplflMiid  I  flntirionoiG 

VTV  1 1 1  1 1       I rll  I I 1 s  vyclllclll^lisio  .... 

400 

266 

T  iIiq  Ampriponn 

348 

2L2 

\/  o  t*i*\ n  i  1 1 in  arhnrfiiiMi 

399 

267 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia 

348 

213 

396 

268 

347 

214 

llll  llpfPTTinVlvllQ 

394 

269 

342 

215 

394 

270 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia 

341 

216 

394 

271 

PiniiQ  SitTTlVlllG 

339 

217 

.TnrrlonQ  f*inpi*P5j 

392 

272 

339 

218 

T-£  \7  renn  l  m  o  lnpiflo 

391 

273 

337 

219 

rsptiiln  nc»f»i  npn  t"ij  1  iq 

391 

274 

T^iniiG  Pliilinaltnnno 

L  111  IIS  Vylllll  Ucl  11  Uilllil  

337 

220 

A  nipc  (rrn  n( 1 15 

391 

275 

T^iniiG  S*ihini<iiiQ 

221 

Miioi'^iiQ  T^IiaIIog 

390 

276 

222 

V'nnnliiG  t ri r » 1 1 < rnd 

390 

277 

Piniic  yy\  r\m  t  i  r»/~il  o 

223 

AVhpg  priiifAlnr 

390 

278 

PiniiQ  lYTn  vrn  v  a  n  q 

333 

224 

^pniiAiii  o*i(T£infp;i 

388 

279 

T-^innc  a  1  l"\i n  1  i c 

331 

225 

f-rnrrlnni  n  FiiiGitint'VmG 

387 

280 

rrtnillllD  tvOTlllllfliilDC 

330 

226 

n.livotm  pi  hnhpi 

387 

281 

T-^l  a  t  a  n  ii  c  AATim  rr  1 1  f  i  i 

327 

227 

T-Tt'o  y i  n i! a.  ni g t c\  pifpf nl  i a 

llrtAllluo    17lclaLICLluH«  ..... 

ooo 

989 

Pinus  P>alf  ouriana,  var.  <iristata  . 

.228 

SijiliY  lii^inlpniG 

385 

283 

r   ntQTlllC   fo  no  Ki-i  f\  o  o 

229 

SsvmnlopnG  tinptnria 

284 

322 

230 

T^Gncra  On  v\f\  flprwiG 

285 

320 

231 

Pyrus  sambucifolia 

286 

>1  ti  1 1  Y  ln^vi  o*«i  i~a 

319 

232 

Kfi^GfifVnc.  offirMniilp 

287 

313 

233 

Afpr  mnfrnnli  vll  nm 

288 

310 

234 

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana  . 

381 

289 

306 

235 

Pinus  Arizoniea  

381 

290 

302 

236 

291 

302 

237 

380 

292 

297 

238 

293 

293 

239 

294 

290 

240 

377 

295 

289 

172 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

296 

288 

307 

264 

297 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana  . 

286 

308 

263 

298 

Populus  heterophylla  

283 

309 

299 

281 

310 

258 

300 

278 

311 

258 

301 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans 

276 

312 

251 

302 

275 

313 

Wq  cliinortrinin  fil lforn 

227 

303 

274 

314 

304 

272 

315 

212 

305 

271 

316 

162 

306 

267 

317 

155 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


173 


TABLE  VII. 


The  Principal  Trees  of  the  United  States  arranged  in  the  Order  of  the  Power 
of  their  Woods  to  resist  Indentation  to  the  Depth  of  1.27  Millimetres. 


Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

1 

793 

39 

309 

2 

655 

40 

308 

3 

649 

41 

308 

4 

42 

1_>  „  ;  i  ■    ■      l  • 

305 

5 

43 

r>  rt  ij_ 

305 

6 

550 

44 

7 

481 

45 

8 

Cereocarpus  ledifolius  

480 

46 

294 

9 

462 

47 

Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana  . 

291 

10 

444 

48 

288 

11 

439 

49 

286 

12 

415 

50 

286 

13 

408 

51 

Juniperus    occidentalis,   var.  con- 

14 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia 

407 

286 

15 

52 

Amelancbier  Canadensis  .... 

280 

16 

394 

53 

279 

17 

384 

54 

277 

18 

Chrysophyllum  oliviforme .    .    .  . 

382 

55 

Gleditscbia  nionosperma  .... 

276 

19 

375 

56 

276 

20 

57 

Dipbolis  salieifolia  

274 

21 

Xanthoxylum  Caribaeum  .... 

373 

58 

274 

22 

370 

59 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata  . 

273 

23 

364 

60 

Sapindus  marginatus  

272 

24 

363 

61 

272 

25 

362 

62 

272 

26 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron    .  . 

355 

63 

272 

27 

343 

64 

271 

28 

Prunus  umbellata  

342 

65 

271 

29 

337 

66 

Quercus  prinoides  

264 

30 

334 

67 

264 

31 

68 

Crataegus  subvillosa  

263 

32 

324 

69 

262 

33 

324 

70 

Robinia  Pseudacacia  

258 

34 

Crataegus  flava,  var.  pubescens  .  . 

319 

71 

257 

35 

Prunus  Caroliniana  

318 

72 

Ulmus  crassitolia  

255 

36 

73 

Ulmus  alata  

255 

37 

Carya  myristicaeformis  

315 

74 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambellii  . 

255 

38 

313 

75 

253 

174 


THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS 


Order. 

Species. 

g  Weight. 

Order. 

Species. 

5  Weight. 

1 

.9 

<u 
fe> 

a 

Relati 

Crush 

Relati 

Crush 

76 

Acer  saccharinura,  var.  nigrum  .  . 

252 

131 

197 

77 

252 

132 

197 

78 

250 

133 

196 

79 

247 

134 

196 

80 

Osmanthus  Americanus  .... 

247 

135 

196 

81 

246 

136 

195 

82 

242 

137 

194 

83 

242 

138 

192 

84 

240 

139 

Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palustris  . 

192 

85 

240 

140 

Rhododendron  maximum  .... 

191 

86 

141 

190 

87 

235 

142 

188 

88 

933 

143 

188 

89 

233 

144 

186 

90 

232 

145 

186 

91 

931 

146 

184 

92 

230 

147 

183 

93 

229 

148 

182 

94 

228 

149 

182 

95 

226 

150 

182 

96 

226 

151 

181 

97 

226 

152 

181 

98 

225 

153 

178 

99 

224 

154 

178 

100 

224 

155 

177 

101 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata  .... 

222 

156 

176 

102 

221 

157 

176 

103 

221 

158 

174 

104 

220 

159 

171 

105 

220 

160 

171 

106 

218 

161 

170 

107 

217 

162 

170 

108 

216 

163 

169 

109 

213 

164 

168 

110 

213 

165 

166 

111 

Prunus  Americana  

213 

166 

165 

112 

212 

167 

162 

113 

210 

168 

161 

114 

210 

169 

161 

115 

210 

170 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis  .... 

160 

116 

209 

171 

160 

117 

207 

172 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis     .  . 

159 

118 

205 

173 

159 

119 

204 

174 

Torreya  taxifoiia  

158 

120 

204 

175 

156 

121 

202 

176 

155 

122 

202 

177 

154 

123 

201 

178 

153 

124 

201 

179 

150 

125 

201 

180 

149 

126 

200 

181 

149 

127 

199 

182 

149 

128 

Umbellularia  Californica  .... 

199 

183 

148 

129 

Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  Texensis 

198 

184 

Clif  tonia  ligu'strina  

147 

130 

198 

185 

147 

W  X       -L  1J.J2J 

O  X  Jr\.  X  £ju. 

175 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

Relative  Order. 

Species. 

Crushing  Weight. 

186 

147 

241 

Pinckneya  pubens 

105 

187 

Planera  aciuatica 

146 

242 

Pinus  Arizonica 

105 

188 

144 

243 

Pinus  insignis 

105 

189 

T^Iyrica  cerifcra 

144 

244 

Tsuga  Pattoniana 

104 

190 

Salix  lasiolepis 

140 

245 

Prunus  Pennsy Ivanica 

103 

191 

Larix  occidentalis  • 

139 

246 

102 

192 

Sambucus  glauca 

138 

247 

Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  macro- 

193 

Fraxinus  platycarpa 

138 

carpa 

102 

194 

138 

248 

ii <x iij(a^i>  y  ijcki  13  i»  uiivaciioio  .... 

101 

195 

Rhamnus  Caroliniana 

136 

249 

Tsuga  Mertensiana 

101 

196 

Sassafras  officinale  

134 

250 

Pinus  Banksiana 

100 

197 

l'inus  Balfouriana  var.  aristata 

134 

251 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni 

100 

198 

Prunus  angustifolia 

133 

252 

Pseudotsuga  I^ouglasii 

100 

199 

Pinus  ri^ida 

133 

253 

Gordonia  Lasiantlius 

99 

200 

Liquidambar  Stvraciflua  .... 

132 

254 

Salix  flavescens 

98 

201 

Betula  nigra 

132 

255 

Libocedrus  decurrens 

98 

202 

Pinus  clausa 

131 

256 

Abies  magnifica 

96 

203 

Betula  alba,  var.  populifolia 

129 

257 

93 

204 

Pinus  mitis 

129 

258 

Salix  nigra 

93 

205 

Pinus  reflexa 

128 

259 

rimiQ  lionltp'ri 

92 

206 

127 

260 

90 

207 

Betula  occidentalis 

127 

261 

lYTncnnlin  pnrflnfji 

89 

208 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  lanceolata  .  • 

126 

262 

IVIagnolia  macropliylla 

Salix  lasiandra  var.  lancifolia 

89 

209 

126 

263 

87 

210 

Salix  flavescens  var.  Scouleriana  . 

126 

264 

Simaruba  glauca 

86 

211 

Tsuga  Caroliniana  

IVIagnolia  Fraseri 

125 

265 

Catalpa  speciosa  

86 

212 

123 

266 

Populus  Fremontii  

86 

213 

Torreya  Californica 

122 

267 

Populus  heterophylla 

86 

214 

Pinus  muricata 

122 

268 

Pinus  Alurrayana 

86 

215 

Abies  nobilis  

120 

269 

86 

216 

Ficus  pedunculata 

119 

270 

Pinus  resinosa 

85 

217 

Castanopsis  elirysophylla  .... 

119 

271 

IVIagnolia  Umbrella 

84 

218 

l!nQtnripji  Tiiimiln 

118 

272 

Populus  monilifera 

83 

219 

Salix  l96vi°*ata 

118 

273 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera 

82 

220 

Pvrus  Americana 

117 

274 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana  . 

82 

221 

Platanus  Wrio'htii 

117 

275 

Cliamajcy paris  Lavvsoniana 

82 

222 

Alnus  rubra 

117 

276 

Tsuga  Canadensis 

82 

223 

Pinus  Jeffreyi 

116 

277 

81 

224 

Pinus  pun^ens 

115 

278 

Taxodium  distichum  . 

81 

225 

Ilex  Dahoon 

113 

279 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis  . 
Populus  tremuloides 

80 

226 

Larix  Americana 

112 

280 

80 

227 

Ne°"undo  aceroides 

111 

281 

Picea  pungens 

79 

228 

Salix  Hookeriana  ....... 

111 

282 

Alnus  rhombifolia  

78 

229 

Rlius  copallina 

109 

283 

Pinus  Lambcrtiana 

78 

230 

-^Esculus  Californica 

108 

284 

Abies  concolor 

78 

231 

Pisonia  obtusata  

108 

285 

77 

232 

Pinus  flexilis  

108 

286 

Picea  nigra  

77 

233 

IVIagnolia  acuminata 

107 

287 

Seciuoia  sempervirens 

77 

234 

Negundo  Californicum 

107 

288 

76 

235 

Pyrus  sambucifolia 

107 

289 

Picea  Engelmanni 

76 

236 

Pinus  albicaulis 

107 

290 

Populus  balsamifera 

75 

237 

Pinus  ponderosa 

107 

291 

AViipq  hjilsnmpn 

75 

238 

107 

292 

Alnus  oblongifolia  

74 

239 

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana 

106 

293 

74 

240 

106 

294 

74 

176  THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOODS,  Etc. 


2 

3 

Order. 

Species 

g  Weig 

Order. 

"3 

p  . 

Relative 

Crushin 

Relative 

Crushinj 

295 

72 

305 

64 

296 

71 

306 

64 

297 

70 

307 

63 

298 

69 

308 

63 

299 

68 

309 

62 

300 

68 

310 

61 

301 

Chamaecyparis  sphasroidea .... 

67 

311 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens  . 

60 

302 

67 

312 

59 

303 

Washingtonia  filifera  

66 

313 

51 

304 

Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans 

64 

314 

47 

INDEX. 


Abies  amabilis,  133;  tables  (398)  152,  (38G) 

156,  (385)  161,  (24)  163,  (141)  167,  (133) 

170,  (306)  176. 

Abies  balsamea,  131;  tables  (395)  152,  (409) 

157,  (410)  162,  (183)  164,  (274)  168,  (250) 

171,  (291)  175. 

Abies  bracteata,  133 ;  tables  (397)  152,  (192) 

155,  (194)  160. 

Abies  concolor,  132;  tables  (396)  152,  (415) 

157,  (416)  162,  (136)  164,  (187)  167,  (223) 

171,  (204)  175. 
Abies  Fraseri,  131 ;  tables  (392)  151,  (417)  157, 

(418)  162,    (110)  164,   (228)  168,  (268) 

171. 

Abies  grandis,  132,  133;  tables  (395)  152, 
(418)  157,  (419)  162,  (115)  164,  (280)  168, 
(220)  171,  (313)  176. 

Abies  Iludsonica,  131. 

Abies  magnified,  134;  tables  (400)  152,  (346) 

156,  (345)  161,  (247)  165,  (189)  167,  (171) 

170,  (256)  175. 

Abies  nobilis,  133;  tables  (399)  152,  (360)  156, 
(309)  161,  (21)  163,  (109)  167,  (149)  170, 
(215)  175. 

Abies  subalpina,  132;  tables  (394)  152,  (421) 

157,  (422)  162,  (207)  165,  (283)  168,  (291) 

171,  (305)  170. 
Abietine,  120. 

Acacia  Berlandieri,  33;  table  (99)  146. 

Acacia,  Green-barked,  30. 

Acacia  Gregr/ii,  33;  tables  (98)  146,  (59)  153, 

(57)  158,  (68)  163,  (140)  167,  (10)  169. 
Acacia,  Three-thorned,  29. 
Acacia  Wrighlii,  33;  tables  (97)  146,  (29) 

153,  (27)  158. 
Acer  circinatum,  21 ;  tables  (61)  145,  (198) 

155,  (196)  160,  (227)  165,  (153)  167,  (143) 

170,  (126)  174. 

Acer  dasycarpum,  22;  tables  (65)  145,  (301) 

156,  (301)  161,  (60)  163,  (56)  166,  (119)  170, 
(151)  174. 

Acer  glabrum,  21;  tables  (62)  145,  (247)  155, 
(246)  160. 

Acer  grandidentatum,  21;  tables  (63)  145, 

(180)  154,  (180)  159. 
Acer  macrophyllum,20;  tables  (60)  145,  (327) 

156,  (326)  161,  (200)  164,  (197)  167,  (233) 

171,  (167)  174. 


Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  20;  tables  (58)  145, 

(298)  156,  (299)  161. 
Acer  rubrum,  22;  tables  (66)  145,  (240)  155, 

(239)  160,  (123)  164,  (126)  167,  (136)  170, 

(157)  174. 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  Brummondii,  23 ;  tables 

(661)  145,  (285)  155,  (284)  160. 
Acer  saccharinum,  21;  tables  (64)  145,  (178) 

154,  (175)  159,  (9)  163,  (21)  166,  (32)  169, 

(71)  173. 

Acer  saccharinum,  var.  nigrum,  22;  tables 
(641)  145,  (177)  154,  (178)  159,  (94)  164,  (71) 
166,  (60)  169,  (76)  174. 

Acer  spicatum,  20;  tables  (59)  145,  (294)  155, 
(294)  160. 

Acids,  35. 

Acorns,  edible,  84,  85. 
Adobe  houses,  32,  49. 

jEsculus  Calif ornica,  18;  tables  (52)  145, 
(320)  156,  (238)  161,  (320)  165,  (229)  168, 
(257)  171,  (230)  175. 

jEsculus  flava,  17;  tables  (51)  145,  (381)  156, 
(381)  161. 

jEsculus  glabra,  17;  tables  (50)  145,  (363) 
156,  (363)  161,  (249)  165,  (279)  168,  (287) 
171,  (296)  176. 

JEsculus  Hippocastanum,  17. 

Africa,  47. 

Agricultural  implements,  61,  72,  78,  81,  84, 
87,  93. 

Alabama,  2,  3,  6,  7,  17,  22,  24,  25,  29,  31,  35, 
37,  39,  43,  49,  57,  60-62,  65,  68,  71,  72,  75- 
77,  80,  83,  84,  86,  88-90,  92,  94,  125,  129. 

Alaska,  20,  40,  96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127- 
129, 132. 

Alder,  98. 

Alder,  Black,  99. 

Alder,  Hoary,  99. 

Alder,  Seaside,  98. 

Alder,  Smooth,  99. 

Alder,  Speckled,  99. 

Algaroba,  31. 

Alkali,  22. 

Alkaloid,  28. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  2,  3,  6,  7,  17,  20,  22, 
24,  26,  27,  29,  35,  36,  39,  43,  45,  49,  51,  54, 
55,  60,  62,  76,  78,  81,  83,  84,  91,  94,  95,  97, 
101,  104,  106,  114,  122-124,  127,  129,  131. 


178 


INDEX. 


Alleghany  Region,  89,  129. 
Alnus  arguta,  98. 

Alnus  incana,  99;  tables  (305)  150,  (355)  156, 
(353)  161,  (71)  163,  (122)  167,  (295)  171. 

Alnus  incana,  var.  virescens,  99;  tables  (3051) 
150. 

Alnus  Japonica,  98. 

Alnus  maritima,  98 ;  tables  (300)  150,  (319) 

156,  (319)  161. 
Alnus  oblongifolia,  98;  tables  (303)  150,  (402) 

156,  (403)  161,  (205)  165,  (196)  167,  (300) 

172,  (292)  175. 
Alnus  rhombifolia,  98;  tables  (302)  150,  (394) 

156,  (392)  161,  (167)  164,  (199)  167,  (256) 

171,  (282)  175. 
Alnus  rubra,  98;  tables  (301)  150,  (336)  156, 

(337)  161,  (77)  163,  (129)  167,  (198)  171, 

(222)  175. 

Alnus  serrulata,  99;  tables  (304)  150,  (349) 

156,  (349)  161. 
Alpine  slopes,  128. 
Altamaha  River,  5. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  45;  tables  (137) 
146,  (97)  154,  (95)  159,  (34)  163.  (26)  160, 
(20)  169,  (52)  173. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oblongifolia, 
45. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  oligocarpa,  45. 
Amelanchier  Canadensis,  var.  rotundif olia , 
45. 

America:  original  trees,  30;  tropical,  34,  46, 

47,  96. 
American  Crab,  39. 
American  Crab  Apple,  39. 
American  Elm,  71. 
American  Holly,  12. 
American  Linden,  6. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  viii. 
American  Oaks,  83. 

Amyris  sylvatica,  11;  tables  (30)  144,  (13) 
153,  (11)  158,  (67)  163,  (2)  166,  (9)  169,  (6) 
173. 

Ana  card  iacea?,  24,  25. 
AruTsihetics,  120. 
Anaqua,  65. 

Andromeda  ferrurjinea,  53;  tables  (165)  147, 
(119)  154,'  (J  18)  159,  (186)  164,  (204)  168, 
(113)  170,  (98)  174. 

Ann,  Cape,  1. 

Anonaceoz,  4. 

Anona  laurifoUa,  4;  tables  (10)  144,  (313) 
150,  (335)  161,  (284)  165,  (241)  168,  (290) 
171,  (206)  175. 

Anticosti  Island,  40. 

Anti-periodic  bark,  64. 

Antipyretic,  100. 

Ant's-wood,  58. 

Apache  Mountains,  37,  86. 

Apalachicola  River,  52,  113,  114,  135. 

Apple,  American  Crab,  39. 

Apple,  Custard,  4. 


Apple,  Oregon  Crab,  40. 
Apple,  Pond,  4. 
Apple,  Haw,  44. 
Apple,  Seven-year,  52. 
Apple,  Southern  Crab,  39. 
Arbol  de  Hierro,  27. 
Arbor-vita?,  106. 

Arbutus  Menziesii,  54;  tables  (166)  147,  (165) 
154,  (103)  159,  (171)  164,  (88)  166,  (95)170, 
(117)174. 

Arbutus  Texana,  54;  tables  (168)  147,  (118) 

154,  (119)  159. 
Arbutus  Xalapensis,  54  ;  tables  (167)  147, 

(164)  154,  (159)  159,  (257)  165,  (238)  168, 

(209)  171,  (79)  174. 
Arctic  Circle,  134. 

Ardisia  Piclceringia,  56;  tables  (173)  147, 

(58)  153,  (60)  158. 
Arizona,  10,  15,  16,  18,  21,  23,  26,  27,  30-33, 

37-39,  48,  54,  57,  61,  62,  66,  75,  77,  82,  85- 

87,  92,  98,  100,  103,  105,  106,  109-111,  116- 

121,  127,  130,  132,  137. 
Arizona  Mountains,  109,  120. 
Arkansas,  1-4,  8,  9,  12-15,  18,  23-26,  28-31, 

42-45,  50,  52,  53,  55,  57-60,  62,  64,  66,  68- 

70,  72,  74,  76-81,  83-85,  90-95,  99,  104, 112, 

124. 

Arkansas  River,  28,  79,  122. 

Arnold  Arboretum,  viii. 

Aromatics,  48,  69,  132. 

Arrow-wood,  14. 

Arroyos,  27. 

Arts,  132. 

Ash,  61. 

Ash,  Black,  63. 

Ash,  Blue,  62. 

Ash,  Green,  62. 

Ash,  Ground,  63. 

Ash,  Hoop,  63. 

Ash-leaved  Maple,  23. 

Ash,  Mountain,  40. 

Ash,  Oregon,  63. 

Ash,  Prickly,  8. 

Ash,  Red,  61. 

Ash,  Sea,  8. 

Ash,  Wafer,  9. 

Ash,  Water,  62. 

Ash,  White,  61. 

Ash,  Yellow,  28. 

Asimina  triloba,  4;  tables  (9)  144,  (403)  156, 
(404)  161,  (289)  165,  (302)  168,  (315)  172, 
(298)  176. 

Aspalaga,  Fla.,  113. 

Aspen,  103. 

Aspen,  Quaking,  103. 

Assinaboine  River,  34. 

Astringents,  24,  25,  40,  59, 129. 

Athabasca  River,  101. 

Atlantic  forests,  35,  36,  42,  45,  49,  75,  83, 
97. 

Atlantic  oaks,  88. 


INDEX. 


179 


Atlantic  Region,  72,  96,  99,  101-103. 
Atlantic  States,  1,  9,  13,  15,  18,  20,  27,  29,  30, 

34,  57-59,  61,  65,  72,  83,  86,  90,  94,  97, 112, 

122,  123. 

Avicennia  nitida,  67 ;  (Rhizophora,  67) ;  tables 

(211)  148,  (42)  153,  (44)  158. 
Axe-handles,  20,  21,  61,  78. 


Back,  Strong,  65. 

Bahamas,  7. 

Bald  Cypress,  112. 

Balms,  105. 

Balm  of  Gilead,  104. 

Balm-of-Gilead  Fir,  131. 

Balm  of  fir,  132. 

Balsams,  46. 

Balsam,  104,  131,  132. 

Balsam  Cottonwood,  105. 

Balsam  Fir,  131,  132. 

Balsam,  She,  131. 

Banana,  Mexican,  137. 

Bark,  Cinnamon,  5. 

Bark,  Georgia,  52. 

Barrel-hoops,  49,  63. 

Barrels,  105. 

Barrington,  Fort,  5. 

Bartram's  Oak,  92. 

Basket  Oak,  84. 

Baskets,  19,  63,  78,  81,  84. 

Basswood,  6. 

Basswood,  White,  7. 

Bastard  Cedar,  106. 

Bastard  Pine,  126. 

Bayberry,  80. 

Bay,  Bull,  1. 

Bay,  Loblolly,  5. 

Bay,  Red,  68. 

Bay,  Rose,  55. 

Bay,  Sweet,  1. 

Bay,  Tan,  5. 

Bay-tree,  California,  69. 

Bay,  White,  1. 

Bayonet,  Spanish,  136,  137. 

Beads,  19. 

Beams,  32. 

Bean,  Indian,  65. 

Bean,  Screw,  32. 

Bean  Tree,  65. 

Bearberry,  16. 

Beard,  Old  Man's,  64. 

Bear-wood,  16. 

Beaver  Tree,  1. 

Beech,  94. 

Beech,  Blue,  95. 

Beech,  Water,  75,  95. 

Beef-wood,  67. 

Bee  Tree,  6. 

Belle  Isle,  Straits  of,  104. 
Berry,  Tallow,  7. 
Betulacece,  95-99. 


Betula  alba,  var.  popullfolia,  95;  tables  (294) 
149,  (267)  155,  (265)' 160,  (221)  165,  (146) 
107,  (267)  171,  (203)  175. 

Betula  lenta,  96,  97;  tables  (299)  150,  (110) 

154,  (108)  159,  (10)  163,  (10)  166,  (34)  169, 
(97)  174. 

Betula  lutea,  97;  tables  (297)  149,  (204)  155,. 

(200)  160,  (3)  163,  (5)  166,  (33)  169,  (169). 
174. 

Betula  nigra,  97;  tables  (298)  149,  (266)  155, 
(267)  160,  (58)  163,  (69)  166,  (166)  170, 

(201)  175. 

Betula  occid entails,  96;  tables  (296)  149,  (246) 

155,  (245)  160,  (132)  164,  (133)  167,  (219) 
171,  (207)  175. 

Behda  papyri/era,  96;  tables  (295)  149,  (251) 
155,  (249)  160,  (18)  163,  (38)  166,  (115)  170, 
(209)  175. 

Big  Blackfoot  River,  135. 

Big-bud  Hickory,  78. 

Big  Cottonwood',  105. 

Big  Laurel,  1. 

Big  Shell-bark,  78. 

Big  Tree,  112. 

Big  Williams  Fork,  10,  48. 

Bignoniaceas,  65,  66. 

Bill  Williams  River,  30. 

Bilsted,  45. 

Birch,  Black,  96,  97. 

Birch,  Canoe,  96. 

Birch,  Cherry,  97. 

Birch,  Gray," 95,  97. 

Birch,  Mahogany,  97. 

Birch,  oil  of,  96.* 

Birch,  Old-field,  95. 

Birch,  Paper,  96. 

Birch,  Red,  97. 

Birch,  River,  97. 

Birch,  Sweet,  97. 

Birch,  West  Indian,  10. 

Birch,  White,  95,  96. 

Birch,  Yellow,  97. 

Bird's-eye  Maple,  22. 

Biscayne,  Bay,  1,  4,  8,  10,  14,  15,  19,  25,  28, 
34,  37,  46-48,  56-58,  67-70,  72-74,  86,  99, 
126. 

Bishop's  Pine,  124. 
Bitter-nut,  79. 
Bitter  Pecan,  79. 

Bitter  Root  Mountains,  16,  36,  96,  105,  107, 

115,  129,  130,  132. 
Bitts,  69. 
Black  Alder,  99. 
Black  Ash,  63. 
Black  Birch,  96,  97. 
Black  Calabash-tree,  66. 
Black  Cherry,  Wild,  36. 
Black  Cottonwood,  105. 
Black  Cypress,  112. 
Black  Gum,  50. 
Black  Haw,  52. 


180 


INDEX. 


Black  Hickory,  78,  79. 

Black  Hills,  71,  74,  96,  105,  119,  127. 

Black  Iron-wood,  15. 

Black  Jack,  89,  90. 

Black  Jack,  Forked-leaf,  90. 

Black  Larch,  134. 

Black  Locust,  26,  29. 

Black  Mangrove,  67. 

Black  Oak,  87-89. 

Black  Persimmon,  59. 

Black  Pine,  120. 

Black  Sloe,  35. 

Black  Spruce,  126,  127. 

Black  Thorn,  42. 

Black  Tree,  67. 

Black  Walnut,  46,  76. 

Black  Willow,  99. 

Black-wood,  67. 

Bladder-diseases,  96. 

Blinds,  115. 

Blocks,  72,  75. 

Blood-impurities,  99. 

Blue  Ash,  62. 

Blue  Beech,  95. 

Blue  Jack,  92. 

Blue  Mountains,  38,  51,  98, 110,  116, 130,  132, 
134. 

Blue  Myrtle,  16. 
Blue  Oak,  85. 
Blue  River,  22. 
Blue  Spruce,  128. 
Blue-wood,  15. 
Boarding,  46. 

Boat-building,  3,  28,  34,  57,  71,  74,  107,  108, 

128. 
Boilers,  32. 
Bo  is  d'Arc,  74. 
Books  referred  to,  143. 
Borraginacece,  64,  65. 
Bottom  Shell-bark,  78. 

Bourreria  Bavanensis,  65 ;  tables  (204)  148, 
(84)  154,  (91)  159,  (102)  164,  (75)  166,  (48) 
169,  (46)  173. 

Bourreria  Havanensis,  var.  radula,  65. 

Bows,  Indian,  49,  113. 

Box  Elder,  23. 

Boxwood,  14,  49;  substitute  for,  55,  59. 

Brazil,  4,  9,  10,  11,  34,  46,  55-57,  67,  68. 

Brazos  River,  1,  8,  17,  29-31,  49,  50,  64,  69, 
78,  80,  81,  90,  92,  136. 

Brick-baking,  99. 

Briekley  Thatch,  136. 

Bridge-timbers,  72. 

Bristol,  Fla.,  113,  114. 

British  America,  6,  51,  103. 

British  Columbia,  20,  21,  40,  41,  51,  54,  96, 
98-100,  104,  105,  107,  108,  111,  113,  115, 
116,  119,  127,  129,  130,  132-134. 

Brittle  Thatch,  136. 

Broad-leaved  Maple,  20. 

Brooms,  20. 


Brown  Hickory,  79. 

Buckeye,  California,  18. 

Buckeye,  Fetid,  17. 

Buckeye,  Ohio,  17. 

Buckeye,  Spanish,  18. 

Buckeye,  Sweet,  17. 

Buckthorn,  Southern,  58. 

Buckwheat  Tree,  13. 

Bull  Bay,  1. 

Bull-nut,  78. 

Bull  Pine,  119-121,  124. 

Bumelia  cuneata,  58;  tables  (182)  147,  (89) 

154,  (94)  159,  (260)  165,  (273)  168,  (125) 

170,  (49)  173. 
Bumelia  lanuginosa,  57;  tables  (179)  147, 

(205)  155,  (208)  160,  (288)  165,  (303)  168, 

(252)  171,  (171)  174. 
Bumelia  lycioides,  58;  tables  (181)  147,  (125) 

154,  (128)  159,  (199)  164,  (261)  168,  (111) 
.  170, (104)  174. 

Bumelia  lycioides,  var.  reclinatum,  58. 
Bumelia  spinosa,  57;  tables  (180)  147,  (199) 

155,  (203)  160. 

Bumelia  tenax,  57;  tables  (178)  147,  (142) 

154,  (142)  159,  (209)  165,  (207)  168,  (150) 

170,  (152)  174. 
Bum-wood,  25. 
Burning  Bush,  14. 
Bur  Oak,  82. 
Burseracece,  10,  11. 

Bursera  c/ummifera,  10;  tables  (29)  144, 
(426)  157,  (427)  162,  (300)  165,  (310)  168, 
(317)  172,  (314)  176. 

Bush,  Burning,  14. 

Bustic,  57. 

Butchers'  blocks,  75. 

Butter-tubs,  133. 

Butternut,  76. 

Button-ball  Tree,  75. 

Button-moulds,  97. 

Buttons,  19. 

Buttonwood,  46,  75. 

Button  wood,  White,  47. 

Byrsonima  lucida,  7;  tables  (19)  144,  (236) 

155,  (266)  160,  (279)  165,  (296)  168,  (218) 

171,  (113)  174. 


Cabbage  Palmetto,  135. 
Cabbage  Tree,  135. 

Cabinet-work,  1,  2,  11,  12,  22-24,  29,  36,  46, 
50,  57,  61,  63,  66,  68,  69,  76,  77,  81,  94,  107, 
111,  114. 

Cactacece,  48,  49. 

Cactus,  Giant,  48. 

Cagiput,  69. 

Calabash-tree,  Black,  66. 
Calaveras  County,  115. 
Calaveras  Grove,  112. 
Calico-bush,  55. 
Calico-wood,  60. 


INDEX. 


181 


California,  6.  16,  18,  20,  21,  23,  26,  27,  30-33, 
36-41,  44,  49,  51,  54,  63,  66,  69,  73,  75,  77, 
80,  81,  85,  87-89,  93,  96,  98-103,  105-122, 
124,  128,  130-135,  137.  (Often  indicating 
limit  of  distribution.) 

California  Bay-tree,  69. 

California  Buckeye,  18. 

California  Coast,  93. 

California  Holly,  44. 

California  Laurel,  69. 

California  Nutmeg,  114. 

California  Olive,  69. 

California  Sierras,  89, 110, 115,  117,  121,  130. 
Caloosa  River,  4,  10,  11,  14,  22,  47,  56,  58, 
62,  79,  99. 

Calyptranthes  Chytraculia,  47;  tables  (143) 

147,  (49)  153, (49)  158. 
Campo,  116. 
Canada  Plum,  34. 
Canadian  Balsam,  132. 

Canaveral,  Cape,  4,  10,  15,  34,  45-47,  56,  57, 

62,  64,  66-68,  71,  78,  79,  125,  126. 
Candles,  80. 
Canellacece,  5. 

Canella  alba,  5;  tables  (12)  144,  (18)  153, 
(18)  158,  (56)  163,  (53)  166,  (6)  169,  (5)  173. 
Canes,  27,  70. 
Canoe  Cedar,  107. 
Canoe  Birch,  96. 
Canoes,  96,  107. 
Canons,  27. 

Canotia  holocantha,  10;  tables  (27)  144,  (182) 

154,  (204)  160. 
Cape  Fear  River,  1,  72. 
Capparidacece,  4. 

Capparis  Jamaicensis,  4;   tables  (11)  144, 

(169)  154,  (195)  160. 
CapriJ'oliacea:,  51,  52. 
Car  anna,  remedy,  10. 
Carbo-hydrogen,  120. 
Carmelo  Point,  108. 
Carolina  Poplar,  105. 

Carpinus  Caroliniana,  95;  tables  (293)  149, 

(144)  159,  (44)  163,  (22)  166,  (103)  170, 

(110)  174. 
Carriages,  6,  61,  63,  78,  81,  82. 
Carya  alba,  77;  tables  (242)  148,  (64)  153,  (63) 

158,  (12)  163,  (12)  166,  (30)  169,  (65)  173. 
Carya  alba,  var.  microcarpa,  78. 
Carya  amara,  79;  tables  (246)  149,  (114)  154, 

(117)  159,  (92)  164,  (32)  166,  (83)  170,  (83) 

174. 

Carya  aquatica,  79;  tables  (248)  149,  (134) 
154,  (136)  159,  (98)  164,  (99)  167,  (116)  170, 
(58)  173. 

Carya  myristiccej ormis,  79;  tables  (247)  149, 
(87)  154,  (86)  159,  (8)  163,  (1)  166,  (28)  169, 
(37)  173. 

Carya  olivcef ormis,  77;  tables  (241)  148,  (155) 
154,  (158)  159,  (245)  165,  (254)  168,  (173) 
170,  (90)  174. 


Carya  porcina,  79;  tables  (245)  149,  (76)  153, 
(75)  158,(89)  163,(44)  166,  (47)  169,  (44)  173. 

Carya  sulcata,  78;  tables  (243)  148,  (82)  154, 
(81)  159,  (84)  163,  (34)  166,  (54)  169,  (48) 
173. 

Carya  tomentosa,  78;  tables  (244)  148,  (75) 

153,  (76)  158,  (42)  163,  (28)  166,  (39)  169, 
(54)  173. 

Cascade  Mountains,  21,  37,  40,  41,  49,  63,  81, 
93,  102,  106,  108,  110,  115,  116,  122,  127, 
130,  132-135.  (Often  indicating  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Cascara  sagrada,  16. 

Cassada,  57. 

Cassena,  12. 

Castanea  pumlla,  94;  tables  (289)  149,  (57) 

155,  (253)  160,  (47)163,  (65)  166,  (105)  170, 
(218)  175. 

Castanea  vulgaris,  var.  Americana,  94 ;  tables 

(290)  149,  (366)  156,  (365)  161,  (160)  164. 

(192)  167,  (34)  171,  (239)  174. 
Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  93;  tables  (288)  149, 

(280)  155,  (280)  160,  (99)  164,  (165^  167, 

(170)  170,  (217)  175. 
Castle,  Lake,  108. 
Catalpa,  65. 

Cat'dpa  bignonioides,  65;  tables  (206)  148, 
(369)  156,  (369)  161,  (239)  165,  (248)  168, 
(251)  171,  (285)  175. 

Catalpa  speciosa,  66;  tables  (207)  148,  (388) 

156,  (388)  161,  (181)  164,  (230)  168,  (203) 
171,  (265)  175. 

Catalpa,  Western,  66. 

Catarrh,  46,  132. 

Catawba,  65. 

Cathartics,  8,  14,  76. 

Cat's  Claw,  33,  34. 

Cattle,  food  for,  7. 

Caximbas  Bay,  10,  11,  19,  24,  34. 

Ceanothus  Americana,  16. 

Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  16 ,  tables  (48)  145, 

(268)  155,  (269)  160. 
Cedar,  Bastard,  106. 
Cedar,  Canoe,  107. 
Cedar  Elm,  70. 
Cedar,  Incense,  106. 

Cedar  Keys,  12,  18,  46,  47,  57,  58,  67,  135. 

Cedar,  Oregon,  108. 

Cedar  Pine,  125. 

Cedar,  Port  Orford,  108. 

Cedar,  Post,  106. 

Cedar,  Red,  107,  111. 

Cedar,  Stinking,  114. 

Cedar,  White,  106-108. 

Celastracece,  14. 

Celtis  Mississippiensis,  var.  crass/folia.  73. 
Celtis  Mississipjriensis,  var.  integrifolia,  73. 
Celtis  Mississippiensis,  var.  laivigata,  73. 
Celtis  occidental,  72;  tables  (228)  148,  (144) 

154,  (146)  159,  (235)  165,  (142)  167,  (186) 
171,  (107)  174. 


182 


INDEX. 


Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  reticulata,  73;  tables 
(2281)  148,  (147)  154,  (151)  159,  (150)  164, 

(134)  167,  (168)  170,  (59)  173. 
Census,  Vol.  IX.,  141-143. 
Central  America,  11,  68,  70. 

Cercis  Canadensis,  31 ;  tables  (91)  146,  (225) 
155,  (225)  160,  (234)  165,  (173)  167,  (130) 

170,  (148)  174. 

Cercis  renifonnis,  31;  tables  (92)  146,  (116) 

154,  (120)  159. 

Cercocarpus  ledij alius,  38;  tables  (115)  146, 
(10)  153,  (8)  158,  (25)  109,  (8)  173. 

Cercocarpus parvif alius,  39 ;  tables  (116)  146, 
(30)  153,  (28)  158. 

Cereus  rjiganleus,  48;  tables  (149)  147,  (424) 
157,  (426)  162. 

Chairs,  71,  88,  95. 

Chaleur,  Bay  of,  95. 

Chamaicyparis  Lawsoniana,  108;  tables  (331) 
150,  (352)  150,  (350)  161,  (31)  163,  (97)  167, 

(135)  170,  (275)  175. 

Chamoecyparis  Nutkaensis,  108;  tables  (330) 
150,  (338)  156,  (338)  161,  (93)  164,  (135) 

167,  (146)  170,  (248)  175. 
Chamcecyparis  splueraidea,  108;  tables  (32D) 

150,  (423)  157,  (424)  102,  (302)  165,  (289) 

168,  (309)  172,  (301)  176. 
Champlain,  Lake,  23,  62,  82,  84,  105. 
Chaparral,  15. 

Chapote,  59. 

Charcoal,  28,  32,  38,  47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128. 

Charlotte  Harbor,  12. 

Chattahoochee,  114. 

Cherokee  County,  N.  C,  28. 

Cherry,  56. 

Cherry  Birch,  97. 

Cherry  brandy,  36. 

Cherrv,  Indiaii,  15. 

Cherry,  May,  45 

Cherry,  Pigeon,  35. 

Cheny,  Pin,  35. 

Cherrv,  Rum,  36. 

Cherry,  Wild,  37. 

CherrV,  Wild  Black,  36. 

Cherry,  Wild  Red,  35. 

Chester  County,  Pa.,  78. 

Chestnut,  94.  " 

Chestnut  Oak,  84,  93. 

Chestnut  Oak,  Rock,  84. 

Celtis jntmila,  73. 

Chickasaw  Plum,  35. 

Chihuahua,  120. 

Chilopsis  saligna,  66;  tables  (208)  148,  (254) 

155,  (254)  160,  (274)  165,  (253)  168,  (292) 

171,  (188)  175. 
China,  Wild,  18. 
Chincapin,  85. 
Chinquapin,  93,  94. 
Chinquapin  Oak,  84. 

Chionanthus  Virf/inica,  64;  tables  (200)  148, 
(224)  155,  (221)  160. 


Chittam-wood,  24. 

Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  34;  tables  (102)  146, 
(102)  154,  (104)  159,  (61)  163,  (72)  166, 
(102)  174. 

Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  56;  tables  (175) 
147,  (32)  153,  (32)  158,  (54)  163,  (111)  1G7, 
(36)  169,  (18)  173. 

Churchill,  Cape,  126,  127,  134. 

Cigar  Tree,  65. 

Cinchona  Bark,  17,  52. 

Cinnamon  bark,  5. 

Cinnamon,  Wild,  5. 

Citharexylum  villosum.  66;  tables  (210)148, 

(54)  153,  (50)  158,  (26)  163,  (77)  166,  (14) 

169,  (40)  173. 
Cladrastis  tinctoria,  28;  tables  (82)  145,  (235) 

155,  (230)  160,  (101)  164,  (92)  167,  (74)  169, 

(147)  174. 
Clammy  Locust,  27. 
Clapboards,  46,  88,  91,  93. 
Clark's  Fork,  115. 
Claw,  Cat's,  33,  34. 
Clear  Creek,  98. 
Clear  Lake,  109. 
Cleats,  69. 
Cliff  Elm,  71. 

Cliftonia  Ufjustrina,  13;  tables  (38)  145,  (238) 
155,  (237)  160,  (197)  164,  (271)  168,  (244) 
171,  (184)  174. 

Clusiajlava,  5;  table  (13)  144. 

Coahuila,  21. 

Coast  Live  Oak,  87. 

Coast  Ranges,  16,  18,  23,  36,  38,  39,  44,  49, 
54,  63,  69,  75,  77,  85,  87-89,  93,  98,  101, 
106-109,  112,  113,  115,  116,  120-122,  124, 
130,  133.  (Often  indicating  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Coccoloba  Floridana,  67;  tables  (213)  148, 
(20)  153,  (25)  158,  (49)  163,  (83)  166,  (7) 
169,  (16)  173. 

Coccaloba  uvifera,  68;  tables  (214)  148,  (22) 
153,  (21)  158,  (311)  172. 

Cockspur  Thorn,  42. 

Cocoa  Plum,  34. 

Cceurd'Alene  Mountains,  38,107, 115,130,132. 
Coffee,  substitute  for,  29. 
Coffee-nut,  29. 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  29. 
Coffins,  113. 

Colorado,  21,  27,  31,  34,  35,  39,  41.  58,  60,  82, 

85,  100,  105,  106,  110,  111,  117-119,  121, 

128,  130-133,  137. 
Colorado  Desert,  26,  30. 
Colorado  River,  12,  13,  18,  27,  30-32,  ^1-43, 

52,  62,  63,  74,  77,  91,  100,  111,  122,  135. 

(Often  indicating  limit  of  distribution.) 
Colubrina  reclinata,  17;  tables  (49)  145,  (77) 

153,  (80)  158,  (108)  164,  (9)  166. 
Columbia,  District  of,  39. 
Columbian  Basin,  135. 
Columbia  River,  100,  105,  128,  133,  134. 


INDEX. 


183 


Combretacece,  46,  47. 

Commerce,  69,  77,  78. 

Compression,  longitudinal,  169-172. 

Concho  River,  34,  59,  77. 

Condaiia  ferrea,  15;  tables  (43)  145,  (1)  153, 

(1)  158,  (45)  163,  (90)  167,  (5)  169,  (3) 

173. 

Condaiia  obovata,  15 ;  tables  (44)  145,  (2)  153, 

(5)  158. 
Coniferas,  106-134. 
Coniferce,  North  American,  111. 
Connecticut,  45,  52,  58,  104. 
Connecticut  River,  91,  101. 
Conocarpus  erecta,  46;  tables  (141)  147,  (17) 

153,  (16)  158,  (95)  164,  (76)  166,  (35)  169, 
(22)  173. 

Construction,  26,  29,  46,  81,  82,  84, 90,  91,  93, 

112,  118,  127,  128,  131. 
Cooperage,  23,  63,  69,  71,  74,  81,  82,  84,  85, 

88,  90,  91,  107,  112,  115,  128,  132. 
Coos  Bay,  108. 
Coquille  River,  20. 
Coral  Sumach,  25. 
Cordage,  6. 

Cordia  Boissieri,  64;  tables  (203)  148,  (190) 

155,  (198)  160. 
Cordia  Sebestena,  64 ;  tables  (202)  148,  (163) 

154,  (184)  159. 
Cork  Elm,  71. 

Cork,  substitute  for,  51. 
Cork-wood,  67. 
Cornaceae,  49-51. 

Cornus  alternifolia,  49;  tables  (150)  147, 

(196)  155,  (192)  160. 
Cornus  flor ida,  49;  tables  (151)  147,(79)  153, 

(77)  158,  (182)  164,  (91)  167,  (75)  169,  (43) 

173. 

Cornus  Nuttallii,  49;  tables  (152)  147,  (122) 

154,  (121)  159,  (91)  164,  (64)  166,  (24)  169, 
(82)  174. 

Corpus  Christi,  65. 
Corpus  Christi  River,  30. 
Costa  Rica,  86. 
Cotton-gum,  45,  50. 
Cottonwood,  105,  106. 
Cottonwood,  Balsam,  105. 
Cottonwood,  Big,  105. 
Cottonwood,  Black,  104,  105. 
Cottonwood,  River,  104. 
Cottonwood,  Swamp,  104. 
Cough-mixtures,  35. 
Cow  Oak,  84. 
Crab,  American,  39. 
Crab  Apple,  American,  39. 
Crab  Apple,  Oregon,  40. 
Crab  Apple,  Southern,  39. 
Crab,  Sweet-scented,  39. 
Crab-wood,  70. 

Cratcegus  aestivalis,  44;  tables  (134)  146,  (205) 

155,  (201)  160,  (263)  165,  (183)  167,  (160) 
170,  (99)  174. 


Crataegus  apii folia,  43;  tables  (131)  146,  (127) 

154,  (134)  159. 
Crataegus  arborescens,  41;  tables  (125)  146, 

(213)  155,  (210)  160,  (195)  164,  (235)  168, 

(102)  170,  (146)  174. 
Crataegus  berberifolia,  44;  table  (133)  146. 
Crataegus  brachyacantha,  41;  tables  (124) 

146,  (189)  155,  (186)  159. 
Cratcegus  coccinea,  42;  tables  (127)  146,  (56) 

153,  (54)  158. 

Cratcegus  cordata,  43;  tables  (130)  146,  (143) 

154,  (140)  159. 

Cratcegus  Crus-galli,  42;  tables  (126)  146, 

(153)  154,  (154)  159,  (246)  165,  (218)  168, 

(176)  170,  (114)  174. 
Cratcegus  Douglasii,  41;   tables  (123)  146, 

(172)  154,  (169)  159. 
Crataegus  Jlava,  44;  tables  (135)  146,  (98)  154, 

(97)  159. 

Crataegus  jlava,  var.  pubescens,  44;  tables 
(1351)  146, (105)  154, (106)  159,  (231)  165, 
(175)  167,  (81)  170,  (34)  173. 

Crataegus  rivularis,  41;  tables  (122)  146.  (103) 
154,  (100)  159. 

Cratcegus  spathulata,  43;  tables  (132)  146, 

(158)  154,  (157)  159,  (243)  165,  (276)  168, 
(145)  170,  (106)  174. 

Cratcegus  subvillosa,  42  ;  tables  (128)  146,  (90) 
154,' (89)  159,  (141)  164,  (169)  167,  (71)  169, 
(68)  173. 

Crataegus  tomentosa,  42;  tables  (129)  146, 
(113)  154,  (112)  159,  (219)  165,  (184)  167, 

(159)  170,  (84)  174. 

Crataegus  tomentosa,  var.  punctata,  tables 

(1291)  146,  (103)  159. 
Crescentia  cucurbitina,  66 ;  tables  (209)  148, 

(231)  155,  (235)  160. 
Cretaceous  formations,  82. 
Cross-trees,  69. 
Cuba,  7. 

Cucumber  Tree,  2: 
Cucumber  Tree,  Large-leaved,  2. 
Cucumber  Tree,  Long-leaved,  3. 
Cumberland  County,  N.  J.,  92. 
Cumberland  Mountains,  24. 
Cumberland  River,  23. 

Cupressus  Goveniana,  109;  tables  (333)  150, 

(348)  156,  (348)  161,  (285)  165,  (268)  168, 

(254)  171,  (154)  174. 
Cupressus  Guadalupensis,  109;  tables  (335) 

150,  (333)  156,  (333)  161. 
Cupressus  Macnabiana,  109;  table  (334)  150. 
Cupressus  macrocarpa,  108 ;  tables  (332)  150, 

(236)  155,  (236)  160,  (74)  163,  (45)  166,  (86) 

174. 

Cupuliferae,  80-95. 
Curled  Maple,  22. 
Custard  Apple,  4. 

Cuyamaca  Mountains,  98,  106, 115,  121,  131. 
Cyllene  picta  (locust-borer),  27. 
Cypress,  Bald,  112. 


184 


INDEX. 


Cypress,  Black,  112. 
Cypress,  Deciduous,  112. 
Cypress,  Lawson's,  108. 
Cypress,  Monterey,  108. 
Cypress  Point,  108. 
Cypress,  Red,  112. 
Cypress,  Sitka,  108. 
Cypress  swamps,  59. 
Cypress,  White,  112. 
Cypress,  Yellow,  108. 

Cyrilla  racemiflora,  13;  tables  (37)  145,  (191) 

155,  (187)  159,  (286)  105,  (305)  168. 
Cyrillacece,  13. 


DjEdalia,  112. 
Dcedalia  vorax,  106. 
Dahoon,  12. 
Dahoon  Holly,  12. 

Dakota,  6,  22,  34,  36,  71,  72,  74,  96,  105,  119, 
127. 

Datea  spinosa,  26 ;  tables  (76)  145,  (282)  155, 

(293)  160. 
Darling  Plum,  14. 
Davenport,  Iowa,  114. 
Debility,  104. 
Deciduous  Cypress,  112. 
Decoctions,  40,  45,  49,  64,  89,  111. 
Delaware,  39,  59,  63,  76,  78,  83,  84,  88,  91, 

94,  95,  97,  98,  .101,  112,  122,  129. 
Desert  Willow,  66. 
Devil's  River,  32,  33,  61,  72,  75. 
Devil-wood,  64. 
Diamond  Willow,  102. 
Diarrhoea,  16,  40,  59,  99. 
Digger  Pine,  121. 
Dilly,  Wild,  58. 

Diospyros  Texana,  59 ;  tables  (185)  147,  (62) 

153,  (73)  158. 
Diospyros  Virginiana,  58;  tables  (184)  147, 

(93)  154,  (92)  159,  (198)  164,  (102)  167,  (94) 

170,  (32)  173. 
Dlpholis  salicifolia,  57;  tables  (177)  147,  (35) 

153,  (30)  158,  (16)  163,  (23)  166,  (12)  169, 

(57)  173. 
District  of  Columbia,  39,  91. 
Diuretics,  25,  108,  111. 
Doctor-gum.  25. 
Dogwood,  49. 
Dogwood,  Flowering,  49. 
Dogwood,  Jamaica,  28. 
Dogwood,  Striped,  20. 
Door-blinds,  115. 
Douglas  Fir,  130. 
Downward  Plum,  58. 

Drypetes  crocea,  70;  tables  (219)  148,  (39) 
153,  (52)  158,  (83)  163,  (138)  167,  (27)  169, 
(25)  173. 

Drypetes  crocea,  var.  latifolia,  70;  tables 
(2191)  148,  (33)  153,  (55)  158,  (174)  164, 
(180)  167,  (85)  170,  (14)  173. 


Drypetes  glauca,  70. 
Dry  rot,  106. 
Duck  Oak,  91. 
Dunnage  of  vessels,  128. 
Dwarf  Maple,  21. 
Dwarf  Sumach,  24. 
Dyes,  24,  25,  28,  60,  76,  89. 
Dysentery,  80. 
Dyspepsia,  10,  16. 


Eagle  Mountains,  54. 

Eastern  States,  89. 

Eastern  White  Oak,  81. 

Eastern  White  Pine,  115. 

Ebenacece,  58,  59. 

Edible  seeds,  117,  118,  121. 

Ehretica  elliptica,  65;  tables  (205)  148,  (214) 

155,  (218)  100,  (304)  165,  (177)  167, (226) 

171,  (93)  174. 
Elastic,  Gum,  57. 
Elasticity,  tables,  163-165. 
Elder,  51. 
Elder,  Box,  23. 
Elder,  Poison,  25. 
Elemi,  Gum,  10. 
Elk-wood,  3. 
Elm,  American,  71. 
Elm,  Cedar,  70. 
Elm,  Cliff,  71. 
Elm,  Cork,  71. 
Elm,  Hickory,  71. 
Elm,  Moose,  71. 
Elm,  Red,  71. 
Elm,  Rock,  71. 
Elm,  Slippery,  6,  71. 
Elm,  Water,  71. 
Elm,  White.  71. 
Elm,  Winged,  71. 
Emetics,  13,  25,  27. 
Empyreumatic  oil,  96. 
Enceno,  87. 

Engraving,  55.    (See  Wood-engraving.) 

Ericaceae,  53-55. 

Erie,  Lake,  39,  55,  75-78,  80,  84. 

Eugenia  buxifoUa,  47;  tables  (144)  147,  (31) 

153,  (6)  163,  (33)  158,  (39)  166,  (1)  169,  (15) 

173. 

Eugenia  dichotoma,  47;  tables  (145)  147,  (50) 

153,  (43)  158. 
Eugenia  longipes,  48;  tables  (147)  147,  (6) 

153,  (7)  158. 
Eugenia  monticola,  48  ;  tables  (146)  147,  (41) 

153,  (39)  158,  (69)  163,  (17)  166,  (58)  169, 

(13)  173. 

Eugenia  procera,  48;  tables  (148)  147,  (27) 
153,  (38)  163,  (16)  166,  (18)  169,  (10)  173, 
(34)  158. 

Euonymus  atropurpureus,  14 ;  tables  (39)  145, 

(201)  155,  (197)  160. 
Euphorbiacece,  70. 


INDEX. 


185 


Europe,  99. 

Everglades,  4,  34,  46,  47. 
Extracts,  45. 

Exostema  Caiibceum,  52;  tables  (160)  147, 
(36)  153,  (29)  158,  (35)  163,  (58)  166,  (8) 
169,  (7)  173. 

Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  26 ;  tables  (75)  145, 
(52)  153,  (53)  158. 


Fagus  FERRUGiiNEA,  94;  tables  (291)  149, 
(184)  154,  (181)  159,  (32)  163,  (24)  166, 
(126)  170,  (135)  174. 

Fairtield  Count}',  Conn.,  45. 

Fan-leaf  Palm,  135. 

Farkle-berry,  53. 

Faxon,  C.  E.,  viii. 

Febrifuges,  100.    (See  Fevers.) 

Fellies,  for  wheels,  32,  93. 

Fence-boards,  105. 

Fence-posts,  20,  65,  66,  69,  75,  102,  108,  113, 
114,  134. 

Fencing,  32,  49,  63,  71,  73,  74,  81,  82,  84,  85, 
94,  97,  107,  110-112,  117,  126,  128. 

Fetid  Buckeye,  17. 

Fevers,  17,  49,  52,  64,  104. 

Ficus  aurea,  73 ;  tables  (229)  148,  (429)  157, 
(429)  162,  (310)  165,  (308)  168,  (316)  172, 
(310)  176. 

Ficus  brevi folia,  73;  tables  (230)  148,  (220) 

155,  (216)  175,  (240)  100. 

Ficus  pedunculala,  73;  tables  (231)  148,  (342) 

156,  (362)  161,  (301)  165,  (309)  168,  (299)  172. 
Fiddle-wood,  66. 

Fig,  Wild,  73. 
Fir,  Balm-of-Gilead,  131. 
Fir,  Balsam,  131,  132. 
Fir,  Douglas,  130. 
Fir,  Red,  130,  133,  134. 
Fir,  White,  132. 
Fir,  Yellow,  130,  131. 
Fishes,  poison  for,  28. 
Fish-hooks,  113. 
Fishing-nets,  21. 
Flathead  Lake,  16,  96. 
Flathead  Region,  127. 
Flathead  River,  98,  115,  135. 
Floats,  51. 

Flooring.  2,  22,  63,  71,  103,  108, 118. 

Florida,  1,  3-15,  17-19,  22-25,  28-32,  34-37, 
39,  41-50,  52-84,  80,  88-95,  97,  99,  100,  105, 
107,  111-114,  123-126,  135,  136.  (Mostly 
relating  to  limit  of  distribution.) 

Florida  Coast,  80. 

Florida  Keys,  80. 

Flour,  32. 

Flowering  Dogwood,  49. 
Fodder,  32. 

Forestiera  acuminata,  63;  tables  (199)  148, 
(228)  155,  (226)  160,  (233)  165,  (182)  167, 
(210)  171,  (161)  174. 


Fork-leaved  Black  Jack,  90. 
Foulweather,  Cape,  80. 
Foxtail  Pine,  118. 
Franklinia,  5. 

Fraser  River,  21,  35,  36,  51,  96,  98,  105,  133. 
Fraxinus  Americana,  61;  tables  (192)  147, 

(206)  155,  (205)  160,  (97)  164,  (110)  167, 

(68)  169,  (137)  170,  (160)  174. 
Fraxinus   Americana,   var.    Texensis,   61  ; 

tables  (192)  147,  (109)  154,  (109)  159,  (73) 

163,  (29)  166,  (129)  174. 
Fraxinus  anomala,  60;  tables  (190)  147,  (200) 

155,  (199)  160. 
Fraxinus  Greggii,  60;  tables  (189)  147,  (94) 

154,  (93)  159. 

Fraxinus  Oreyana,  63;  tables  (197)  148,  (269) 

155,  (268)  160,  (164)  164,  (210)  168,  (84) 
170,  (165)  174. 

Fraxinus  pistacice  folia,  61 ;  tables  (191)  147, 

(188)  154,  (419)*  157,  (185)  159,  (261)  165, 

(234)  168,  (227)  171,  (115)  174. 
Fraxinus pistacicefolia,  var.  coriacea,  61. 
Fraxinus  platycarpa,  62;  tables  (195)  148, 

(420)  162,  (290)  165,  (269)  168,  (312)  172, 

(193)  175. 

Fraxinus  pubescens,  61;   tables  (193)  147, 

(237)  155,  (233)  160,  (188)  164,  (105)  167, 

(169)  170,  (120)  174. 
Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  62;   tables  (196) 

148,  (154)  154, (156)  159,  (202)  165,  (128) 

167,  (100)  170,  (101)  174. 
Fraxinus  sambucifolia,  63;  tables  (198)  148, 

(232)  155,  (229)  160,  (148)  164,  (131)  167, 

(183)  170,  (137)  174. 
Fraxinus  viridis,  61,  62;  tables  (194)  148, 

(162)  154,  (160)  159,  (40)  164,  (95)  167, 

(120)  170,  (105)  174. 
Fraxinus  viridis,  var.  Berlandieriana,  62; 

tables  (194)  148,  (263)  155,  (264)  160. 
Frigolito,  28. 
Fringe  Tree,  64. 

Fuel,  13,  22,  28,  32,  38,  39,  46,  47,  55,  63,  70, 
77,  81,  82.  84,  85,  88-91,  95-97,  103,  105, 
110,  111,  117-119,  121-123,  125,  128,  131, 
134,  135. 

Fuel  value,  141-143,  158-162. 

Furniture,  6,  20,  22,  23,  32,  63,  73,  75,  97,  98, 
106,  108. 


Geiger  Tree,  64. 
Genesee  River,  84. 

Genipa  clusicefolia,  52;  tables  (162)  147,  (14) 

153,  (14)  158. 
Georgia,  2,  5,  6,  13,  17,  20,  23-26,  43,  49-52, 

55,  57,  63,  65,  76,  80,  83,  92,  104,  114,  122. 

(Relating  generally  to  limit  of  distribution.) 
Georgia  Bark,  52. 
Georgian  Bay,  95,  111. 
Georgia  Pine,  125. 
Giant  Cactus,  48 


186 


INDEX. 


Gila  River,  10,  26,  27,  30,  32,  38,  74. 
Gilead,  Balm  of,  104,  131. 
Ginger  Pine,  108. 
Glamberry,  7. 
Glass-factories,  50. 
Glaucous  Willow,  101. 

Gleditschia  monosperma,  30;  tables  (87)  146, 

(137)  154,  (138)  159,  (39)  163,  (52)  166,  (44) 

169,  (55)  173. 
Gleditschia  triacanthos,  29;  tables  (86)  145, 

(193)  155,  (190)  160,  (66)  163,  (81)  166, 

(99)  170,  (164)174. 
Gleditschia  triacanthos,  var.  inermis,  29. 
Gold  Range,  115,  129,  134. 
Goose-foot  Maple,  20. 
Gopher  Plum,  50. 
Gopher-wood,  28. 

Gordonia'  Lasianthus,  5;  tables  (14)  144, 
(344)  156,  (193)  164,  (344)  161,  (209)  168, 
(225)  171,  (253)  175. 

Gordonia  pubescens,  5;  table  (15)144. 

Gout,  8,  10,  96,  100. 

Graham,  Mount,  127. 

Grand  Rapids,  102. 

Grand  River,  24. 

Grape,  Sea,  68. 

Grape  sugar,  32. 

Gray  Birch,  95,  97. 

Gray  Pine,  125. 

Great  Basin,  38,  110,  117,  118. 

Great  Bear  Lake,  96,  103,  104,  125,  131,  134. 

Great  Laurel,  55. 

Green  Ash,  62. 

Green-barked  Acacia,  30. 

Ground  Ash,  63. 

Guadalupe  Island,  109. 

Guadalupe  Mountains,  37,  54,  84,  86,  115, 130. 
Guadalupe  River,  8,  18,  26,  33,  37,  59,  65,  71, 

99,  136. 
Guaiac,  8. 

Guaiacum  officinale,  7. 

Guaia cum  sanctum,  7;  tables  (20)  144,  (4)  153. 
(3)  158,  (154)  164,  (143)  167,  (11)  169,  (1) 
173. 

Guaiacum-wood,  7,  8. 

Guettarda  elliptica,  53;  tables  (163)  147,  (68) 

153,  (70)  158. 
Guiana  Plum,  70. 

Gulf  Coast,  37,  50,  86,  92,  107,  126,  135. 

Gulf  States,  1,  3,  8,  12,  13,  15,  23,  30,  36,  43, 
44,  50,  53,  58-60,  62-64,  68,  72,  78,  80,  84, 
90,  91,  93,  97,  104,  107,  111,  112,  122,  124- 
126.    (Often  marking  limit  of  distribution.) 

Gums,  25,  50. 

Gum-arabic,  32,  33. 

Gum,  Black,  50. 

Gumbo  Limbo,  10. 

Gum  Cotton,  50. 

Gum  Elastic,  57. 

Gum  Elemi,  10. 

Gum,  Red,  45. 


Gum,  Sour,  50. 
Gum,  Sweet,  45. 
Gum,  Tupelo,  50. 
Gunpowder,  54,  99. 
Gunstocks,  23,  28,  77. 
Gurgeon  Stopper,  47. 
Guttiferce,  5. 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis,  29;  tables  (85)  145, 
(175)  154,  (173)  159,  (82)  163,  (149)  167, 
(211)  171,  (170)  174. 


Hackberry,  72. 
Hackmatack,  134. 
Hematuria,  99. 

Halesia  diptera,  60;  tables  (187)  147,  (270) 
155,  (270)  160,  (236)  165,  (112)  167,  (172) 
170,  (132)  174. 

Halesia  tetraptera,  60;  tables  (188)  147,  (277) 
155,  (277)  160. 

Halifax  Bay,  123. 

Hamamelaceai,  45,  46. 

Hamamelis  Vir<jinica,  45;  tables  (138)  146, 

(185)  154,  (182)  159. 
Handles,  19-21,  39,  50,  53,  54,  59,  61,  62,  95. 
H  ird  Maple,  21. 
Hard  Pine,  125. 
Hats,  wooden,  17. 
Haw,  Apple,  44. 
Haw,  Black,  52. 
Haw,  Hog's,  41. 
Haw,  May,  44. 
Haw,  Parsley,  43. 
Haw,  Pear,  42. 
Haw,  Purple,  15. 
Haw,  Red,  42,  44. 
Haw,  Scarlet,  42. 
Haw,  Small-fruited,  43. 
Haw,  Summer,  44. 
Haw,  Yellow,  44. 
Hays  County,  Texas,  54. 
Hazel,  Witch,  45. 
Heart-wood,  59. 
Hedges,  74. 
Hemlock,  129. 
Hemorrhage,  59,  89. 
Hernando  County,  Fla.,  23. 
Heteromeles  arbuti  folia,  44;  tables  (136)  146, 

(34)  153,  (31)  158. 
Hickory,  Big-bud,  78. 
Hickory,  Black,  78,  79. 
Hickory.  Brown,  79. 
Hickory  Elm,  71 . 
Hickorv,  Nutmeg,  79. 
Hickorv,  Pine,  118,  124. 
Hickory,  Shag-bark,  77. 
Hickory,  Shell-bark,  77. 
Hickorv,  Swamp,  79. 
Hickory,  Switch-bud,  79. 
Hickory,  Water,  79. 
Hickory,  White-heart,  78. 


INDEX. 


187 


Hierro,  Arbol  de,  27. 
High  Mountains,  131. 

Hlppomane  Mancinella,  70;  tables  (221)  148, 

(264)  155,  (283)  1G0. 
Hoarv  Alder,  99. 
Hog  Plum,  11,  25,  35. 
Hog's  Haw,  41. 
Holly,  American,  12. 
Hollv,  California,  44. 
Holly,  Dahoon,  12. 
Honey,  G. 

Honey  Locust,  29,  31. 
Honey  Pod,  31. 
Honey  Shucks,  29. 
Hoop  Ash,  G3. 
Hoop-poles,  9G. 
Hoops,  49,  63,  79. 
Hop  Hornbeam,  95. 
Hops,  substitute  for,  10. 
Hop  Tree,  9. 
Hornbeam,  95. 
Hornbeam,  Hop,  95. 
Horse  Plum,  34. 
Horse  Sugar,  59. 
Hot  Spring  Mountains,  63. 
Hot  Spring  Valley,  20. 
House-flies,  poison  for,  29. 
Hubs,  49,  50,  71,  72,  97. 

Hudson's  Bay  (Hudson  Bay),  35,  45,  51,  96, 

103, 104, 125, 126, 131, 134*  (Often  marking 

limit  of  distribution.) 
Humber  River,  39. 
Humboldt  County.  Cal.,  109. 
Humboldt  Range,  21. 
Hummocks,  47,  53,  80,  91,  125. 
Huron,  Lake,  20,  40.  82,  94,  95,  97,  99. 
Hydrocyanic  acid,  11,  36. 
Hypelate  paniculata,  19;   tables   (56)  145, 

'(23)  153,  (23)  158,  (59)  163,  (14)  1GG.  (21) 

1G9. 

Hypelate  trifoliata,  19;  tables  (57)  145,  (43) 
153,  (40)  158,  (164)  170,  (17)  173. 


Idaho,  16,  21,  36,  38,  41,  98,  102,  104,  107, 
113,  115,  119,  121,  129,  130,  132. 

Ilex  Cassine,  12;  tables  (35)  145,  (148)  154, 
(47)  159. 

Ilex  Dahoon,  12;  tables  (34)  144,  (337) 
156,  (339)  161,  (257)  168,  (263)  171,  (225) 
175. 

Ilex  Dahoon,  var.  angusti  folia,  12. 

Ilex  Dahoon,  var.  myrtifolia,  12;  tables  (34) 

144,  (258)  155,  (258)  160,  (252)  165. 
Ilex  decidua,  13;  tables  (36)  145,  (132)  154, 

(135)  159. 

Ilex  opaca,  12;  tables  (33)  144,  (261)  155, 
(156)  174,  (261)  160,  (250)  165,  (195)  167, 
(188)  171. 

Ilicin,  12. 

Ilicinece,  12,  13. 


Illinois,  2,  7,  13,  15,  30,  35,  39,  43,  45,  50,  53, 
57,  58,  60,  63,  66,  72,  77,  78,  83,  84,  90,  94, 
96,  103, 104, 106,  112, 114, 124,  134.  (Often 
indicating  limit  of  distribution.) 

Illinois  Nut,  77. 

Indentation,  power  to  resist,  173-176. 
Indiana,  7,  12,  30,  45,  51,  66,  72,  77,  78,  83, 

84,  89,  90,  94,  97,  104, 112,  123, 134.  (Often 

indicating  limit  of  distribution.) 
Indian  Bean,  65. 
Indian  Cherry,  15. 
Indian  Peninsula,  11. 
Indian  River,  22,  55-58,  73. 
India-rubber  Tree,  73. 

Indians:  Coast,  21;  flour,  32;  dried  fruit,  49; 

manufactures,  113;  canoes,  107;  food,  118. 
Indian  Territory,  6,  9,  15,-  17,  22,  24,  26,  29, 

31,  36,  39,  42,' 45,  52,  58,  61,  69,  71,  72,  74, 

76-79,  82,  84,  88-90,  95,  97,  98, 103,  111,  124. 

(Often  indicating  limit  of  distribution.) 
Infusions,  36,  40,  52. 
Ink-wood,  19. 
Inlaying,  24. 
Insecticide,  108. 

Interior  finish,  23,  36,  61,  63,  66,  68,  69,  76, 
77,  81,  88,  106-108,  111,  114,  115,  128,  132. 

Intermittent  fever,  49,  52,  64,  104.  (See 
Fevers.) 

Invo  Mountains,  116. 

Iowa,  4,  17,  35,  39,  58,  62,  69,  71,  76,  77,  83, 

88,  95,  97,  102,  114. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  23. 
Iron  Mountain,  13. 
Iron  Oak,  82. 
Iron-wood,  13,  19,  27,  58. 
Iron-wood,  Black,  15. 
Iron-wood,  Red,  14. 
Iron-wood,  White,  19,  95. 
Islay,  38. 
Ivy]  55. 


Jack,  Black,  89,  90. 

Jack,  Blue,  92. 

Jack,  Fork -leaved  Black,  90. 

Jack  Oak,  89. 

Jack,  Sand,  92. 

Jacquinia  armillaris,  56;  tables  (174)  147, 

(173)  154,  (189)  160. 
Jamaica  Dogwood,  28. 
James  Bay,  40,  106. 
Japan, 98. 
Jaws,  for  ships,  69. 
Jersey  Pine,  123. 
Jesup,  Morris  K.,  vii,  viii. 
Jocko  River,  36. 
Joe-wood,  56. 
Joshua,  The,  137. 
Joshua  Tree,  137. 
Judas  Tree,  31. 
Juglandacece,  76-80. 


188 


INDEX. 


Juglans  cinerea,  76;  tables  (238)  148,  (397) 

156,  (396)  161,  (187)  164,  (245)  168,  (217) 

171,  (260)  175. 
Juglans  nigra,  76;  tables  (239)  148,  (242) 

155,  (242)  160,  (65)  163,  (113)  167,  (45)  169, 

(134)  174. 

Jucjlans  rupestris,  77;  tables  (240)  148,  (203) 
155,  (207)  160,  (222)  165,  (244)  168,  (167) 
170,  (149)  174. 

June-berry,  45. 

Juniper,  109,  110. 

Juniperus  Calif arnica,  109;  tables  (336)  150, 

(234)  155,  (234)  160. 
Juniperus  Calif ornica,  var.  Utahensis,  110; 

tables  (3361)  150,  (283)  155,  (282)  160. 
Juniperus  occidentalis,  110;  tables  (338)  150, 

(265)  155,  (262)  160,  (144)  173. 
Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  conjugens,  111 ; 

tables  (3382)  150,  (179)  154,(176)  159,  (217) 

165,  (286)  168,  (80)  170,  (51)  173. 
Juniperus  occidentalis,  var.  monosperma,  110; 

tables  (3381)  i50,  (161)  154,  (161)  159. 
Juniperus  Pachyphlaza,  110;  tables  (337)  150, 

(259)  155,  (252)  160,  (258)  165,  (154)  167. 
Juniperus  Virginiana,  111;  tables  (339)  150, 

(325)  156,  (324)  161,  (244)  165,  (166)  167, 

(195)  171,  (183)  174. 


Kalmia  latifolia,  55;  tables  (170)  147, 
(157)  154,  (155)  159,  (265)  165,  (227)  168, 
(177)  170,  (69)  173. 

Kamtschatka,  40. 

Kansas,  4,  8,  14,  15,  17,  21,  29,  36,  39,  58,  61, 

69,  74-79,  82,  84,  88-92,  95,  97,  111,  124. 

(Often  indicating  the  limit  of  distribution.) 
Kentucky  2,  3,  7,  28-30,  66,  71,  72,  77.  83,  84, 

90,  91,"93,  94,  97,  103,  104,  112,  122,  123. 

(Often  indicating  the  limit  of  distribution.) 
Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  29. 
Kern  County,  Cal.,  134. 
Kern  River,"  118. 
Key  Largo,  47,  135. 
Key  West,  5. 
King  Nut,  78. 
King  River,  118. 
Klamath  River,  39,  103,  110. 
Knack-away,  65. 
Knees,  of  vessels,  134. 
Knob-cone  Pine,  122. 


Labrador,  35,  40,  45,  96,  101,  103,  120,  127, 
131,  134.  (Often  indicating  the  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Lacquer,  25. 

Laguncularia  racemosa,  47;  tables  (142)  147, 
(100)  154,  (165)  159,  (225)  165,  (272)  168, 
(154)  170,  (181)  174. 

Lake  County,  Cal.,  109. 

Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  82. 


Lances,  Indian,  49. 
Lancewood,  69. 
Larch,  134. 
Larch,  Black,  134. 
Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree,  2. 
Large  Tupelo,  50. 

Largo,  Key,  47.    (See  Key  Largo.) 

Larix  Americana,  134;  tables  (401)152,  (239) 

155,  (238)  160,  (23)  163,  (94)  167,  (73)  109, 

(226)  175. 
Larix  Lyallii,  135;  table  (403)  152. 
Larix   occidentalis,  134;   tables  (402)  152, 

(135)  154,  (130)  159,  (1)  163,  (7)  106,  (15) 

169,  (191)174. 
Larkin's  Station,  116. 
La  Salle,  111.,  114. 
Lasts,  57. 
Laths,  106. 
Lauracece,  68,  69. 
Laurel,  Big,  1. 
Laurel,  California,  69. 
Laurel,  Great,  55. 
Laurel,  Mountain,  69. 
Laurel  Oak,  91,  92. 
Laurel,  Swamp,  1. 
Laurel,  Sweet,  1. 
Laurel,  White,  1. 
Lawson's  Cypress,  108. 
Lead-pencils,  111. 
Leather,  84,  128-131. 
Leguminosai,  26-34. 

Leuccena  glauca,  32;  tables  (95)  146,  (38)  153, 
(41)  158. 

Leuccena  pulverulenta,  33;  tables  (96)  146, 

(194)  155,  (193)  160. 
Levers,  39,  95. 
Lever-wood,  95. 

Libocedrus  decurrens,  106;  tables  (326)  150, 
(401)  150,  (401)  101,  (105)  104,  (200)  108, 
(200)  171,  (255)  175. 

Lignum-ritce,  7,  8. 

Lignum  Guaiaci,  7. 

Liliacece,  136,  137. 

Limbo,  Gumbo,  10. 

Limbs,  artificial,  17. 

Lime,  Ogeechee,  50. 

Lime  Tree,  6. 

Lime,  Wild,  9,  10. 

Limestone  Hills,  111. 

Limpia  Mountains,  88,  92,  115. 

Lin,  6. 

Linden,  American,  6. 

Liqnidambar  $tyraciflua,  45;  tables  (139) 
146,  (253)  155,  (255)  100,  (153)  164,  (222) 
168,  (134)  170,  (200)  175. 

Liquidamber,  45. 

Liriodendrin,  a  tonic,  3. 

Liriodendron,  3. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  3;  tables  (8)  144, 
(385)  156,  (283)  101,  (131)  104,  (215)  108, 
(242)  171,  (273)  175. 


INDEX. 


189 


Little  River,  66. 
Live  Oak,  86-88. 
Live  Oak,  Coast,  87. 
Loblolly  Bay,  5. 
Loblolly  Pine,  122. 
Locust,  26,  27. 
Locust,  Black,  26,  29. 
Locust-borer,  27. 
Locust,  Clammy,  27. 
Locust,  Honey,  29,  31. 
Locust,  Sweet,  29. 
Locust,  Water,  30. 
Locust,  Yellow,  26. 
Lodge-pole  Pine,  120. 
Logwood,  15. 

Long  Island,  15,  74,  89,  90,  96,  97,  104,  123. 

Long  Island  Sound,  58. 

Long-leaved  Cucumber  Tree,  3. 

Long-leaved  Pine,  125. 

Lost  Man's  River,  46,  67. 

Louisiana,  1,  2,  8,  9,  12,  13,  18,  23,  25,  30,  31, 
39,  41,  43,  44,  51,  54,  55,  59,  60,  64,  66,  72, 
77,  80,  83,  84,  104,  124-126.  (Often  indi- 
cating the  limit  of  distribution.) 

Lumber,  46,  106,  108,  112,  115-123,  125-128. 
130,  132-135. 

Lumbermen,  129.  131. 

Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  34;  tables  (100)  146, 
(219)  155,  (222)  160,  (292)  165,  (264)  168, 
(122)  170,  (159)  174. 


Machinery,  bearings,  17,  40,  49,  54. 
Mackenzie  River,  89,  101,  103,  115,  121,  125- 
127,  134. 

Madura  aurantiaca,  74:  tables  (234)  148, 
(100)  154,  (99)  159,  (122)  164,  (27)  166,  (4) 

169,  (24)  173. 
Madeira-wood,  11. 
Madrona,  54. 
Magnolia,  1,  2. 
Magnolia  cexz,  1-3. 

Magnolia  acuminata,  2;  tables  (3)  144,  (347) 

156,  (346)  161,  (129)  164,  (208)  168,  (197) 

171,  (233)  175. 
Magnolia  cordata,  2;  tables  (4)  144,  (391) 

156,  (390)  161,  (125)  164,  (243)  168,  (200) 

171,  (261)  175. 
Magnolia  Fraseri,  3;  tables  (7)  144,  (318)  156, 

(318)  161,  (120)  164,  (185)  167,  (190)  171, 

(212)  175. 

Magnolia  glauca,  1;  tables  (2)144,  (316)  156, 
(315)  161, (133)  164,  (170)  167,  (181)  170, 
(246)  175. 

Magnolia  grandiflora,  1 ;  tables  (1)  144,  (226) 
155,  (223)  160,(139)  161,  (139)  167,  (118) 

170,  (131)  174. 

Magnolia  macrophylla,  2;  tables  (5)  144, 
(296)  156,  (296)  161,  (41)  163,  (191)  167, 
(110)  170,  (262)  175. 

Magnolia,  Mountain,  2. 


Magnolia  Umbrella,  2,  3;  tables  (6)  144,  (368) 

156,  (367)  161,  (213)  165,  (250)  168,  (247) 

171,  (271)  175. 
Mahogany,  11. 
Mahogany  Birch  97. 
Mahogany,  Mountain,  38,  39. 
Maine,  50,  75,  79,  80,  82,  83,  88,  89,  94,  107, 

125,  127.    (Often  indicating  the  limit  of 

production.) 
Malabar,  Cape,  4,  5,  79,  90,  91,  92,  95,  111,  122. 

(Often  indicating  the  limit  of  distribution.) 
Malarial  fever,  49.    (See  Fevers.) 
Mallets,  40. 
Malpighiaceai,  7. 
Manatee,  24. 
Manchineel,  70. 
Manchineel,  Mountain,  25. 
Manchuria,  98. 
Mangrove,  46,  47. 
Mangrove,  Black,  67. 
Mangrove,  Red,  67. 
Mangrove,  White,  47. 
Manitoba,  23,  42. 
Manitoba,  Lake,  34.  . 
Maple,  Ash-leaved,  23. 
Maple,  Bird's-eye,  22. 
Maple,  Broad-leaved,  20. 
Maple,  Curled,  22. 
Maple,  Dwarf,  21. 
Maple,  Goose-foot,  20. 
Maple,  Hard,  21. 
Maple,  Mountain,  20. 
Maple,  Red,  22. 
Maple,  Silver,  22. 
Maple,  Soft,  22. 
Maple,  Striped,  20. 
Maple,  Sugar,  21. 
Maple,  Swamp,  22. 
Maple,  Vine,  21. 
Maple,  Water,  22. 
Maple,  White,  22. 
Maple-sugar,  22,  23. 
Marl-berry,  56. 
Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  82 
Maryland,  25,  98. 

Massachusetts,  1,  8,  12,  42,  69,  76,  82,  84,  91, 
97,  99,  118.  (Often  indicating  the  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Mastic,  56. 

Matagorda  Bay,  9,  28,  53,  59, 136. 

Matanzas  Inlet,  30,  36,  90. 

Match-boxes,  97. 

Matches,  114,  108. 

Materia  Medica,  American,  2. 

Mathematical  instruments,  54. 

Matting,  6. 

Maul  Oak,  87. 

Mauls,  40,  41,  50. 

May  Cherry,  45. 

May  Haw,  44. 

Meadow  Pine,  126. 


190 


INDEX. 


Medicine,  2,  3,  5,  14.  16,  71. 

Meliacece,  11. 
Mendocino,  Cape,  113. 

Mendocino  County,  16,  18,  44,  87,  114,  120, 
124,  128.  (Often  indicating  the  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Meramec  River,  15. 

Merrimac  River,  97. 

Mesquit,  31. 

Mesquit,  Screw-pod,  32. 

Metacombe  Key,  4,  14. 

Mexican  Banana,  137. 

Mexican  Mulberry,  74. 

Mexican  Persimmon,  59. 

Mexicans,  137. 

Mexico,  8,  9,  15,  18,  23,  26,  30-33,  39,  45,  51, 
54,  56-62,  64,  66,  74,  75,  85,  86,  98,  109, 
110,  117,  119,  130,  136,  137.  (Often  indi- 
cating line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Miami,  Fla.,  25,  48,  66. 

Michigan,  3,  4,  17,  29,  35,  40,  42,  50,  62,  69, 
71,  72,  74,  76-80,  82-84,  88,  92,  94-96,  104, 
106,  111,  114,  118,  126,  127,  129, 131.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Michigan,  Lake,  3,  114,  125. 

Mimusops  Sieberi,  58;  tables  (183)  147,  (9) 
153,  (10)  158,  (100)  164,  (82)  166,  (141)  170, 
(19)  173. 

Minnesota,  8,  9,  20,  22,  24,  25,  29,  31,  39,  40, 
49,  61,  62,  76,  77,  79,  80,  88,  89,  95-97,  99, 
104,  106,  111,  114,  118,  125,  127,  131,  134. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Minnesota  River,  29. 

Mississippi,  2,  3,  13,  24,  29,  31,  35,  39,  60,  61, 
65,  71,  72,  75-77,  83,  84,  88-90,  107,  125. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Mississippi  Basin,  45,  51,  94,  101,  112. 

Mississippi  Delta,  46. 

Mississippi  River,  1,  3,  5,  14,  23,  26,  62,  67, 
73-75,  80,  82,  85,  101,  124,  125.  (Often  in- 
dicating line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Mississippi  Valley,  12,  13. 

Missouri,  3,  8.  13,  15,  22,  24,  25,  31,  41,  42, 
50-53,  58,  62,  63,  66,  72,  77,  81,  83,  84,  88, 
90,  91,  93-95,  97,  99,  101,  112,  124.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Missouri  River,  14,  34,  36,  102. 

Mobile  Bay,  54,  57,  91,  107. 

Mocker-nut.  78. 

Mock  Orange,  37. 

Mogollon  Range,  133. 

Mohave  Desert,  137. 

Mohave  Mountains,  27. 

Mohave  River,  137. 

Montana,  14,  16,  21,  23,  35,  37,  38,  41,  62,  82, 
96,  98,  102,  104,  105,  107, 113,  115,  110,  119, 
121,  127,  128,  130,  132,  134,  135.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Monte  Diablo,  121. 


Monterey,  108,  121. 
Monterey  Bay,  80,  113. 
Monterey  County,  112. 
Monterey  Cypress,  108. 
Monterey  Pine,  121. 
Moose  Elm,  71. 
Moose-wood,  20. 

Moras  microphylla,  74;  tables  (233)  148,  (101) 

154,  (101)  159. 

Morus  rubra,  74;  tables  (232)  148,  (255)  155, 
(256)  160,  (179)  164,  (147)  167,  (187.)  171, 
(153)  174. 

Mosquito  Inlet,  1,  9,  11,  12,  19,  35,  46,  47,  56, 
58,  67,  68,  91,  112.   (Limit  of  distribution.) 
Mossy-cup  Oak,  82. 
Moulds,  97. 
Mountain  Ash,  40. 
Mountain  Laurel,  69. 
Mountain  Magnolia,  2. 
Mountain  Mahogany,  38,  39. 
Mountain  Manchineel,  25. 
Mountain  Maple,  20. 
Mountain  Plum,  11. 
Mountain  White  Oak,  85. 
Mulberry,  Mexican,  74. 
Mulberry,  Red,  74. 

Myginda  pallens,  14;  tables  (40)  145,  (46) 

153,  (48)  158. 
Myvicacece,  80. 

Myrica  Calif ornica,  80;  tables  (250)  149, 
(195)  155,  (191)  160,  (104)  164,  (49)  166, 
(79)  170,  (142)  174. 

Myrica  cerifera,  80 ;  tables  (249)  149,  (270) 

155,  (276)  160,  (144)  164,  (124)  167,  (161) 
170,  (189)  175. 

Jlfyrsinacece,  55,  56. 

Myrsine  Rapanea,  55;  tables  (172)  147,  (67) 

153,  (68)  158. 
Myrtaceai,  47,  48. 
Myrtle,  Blue,  16. 
Myrtle,  Wax,  80. 


Naked  Wood,  17,  47. 
Nanny-berry,  51. 
Narcotics,  28. 
Nastapohee  Sound,  126. 
Natchez,  Miss.,  1. 

Nebraska,  6,  8,  22,  29,  31,  42,  61,  71,  74-70, 
78,  79,  81,  84,  89,  92,  99,  102,  111.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Neches  River,  50,  94. 

Necklace  Poplar,  105. 

Nectandra  Willdenoviana,  68;  tables  (216) 

148,  (104)  154,  (102)  159. 
Negundo  aceroides,  23;  tables  (67)  145,  (378) 

156,  (377)  161,  (267)  165,  (270)  168,  (284) 

171,  (284)  175. 
Negundo  Calif ornicum,  23;  tables  (68)  145, 

(335)  156,  (336)  161,  (119)  164,  (137)  167, 

(163)  170,  (234)  175. 


INDEX. 


191 


Nelson  River,  40. 
'  Nestucca  River,  133. 
Net-floats,  51. 

Nevada,  21,  31,  32,  38,  61,  103,  105,  106,  110, 
111,  116,  118,  119,  137.  (Often  indicating 
line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

New  Braunfels,  18,  65. 

New  Brunswick,  6,  22,  24,  42,  49,  55,  61,  76, 
82,  88,  95,  97,  99,  104,  100,  111,  122,  129. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Newcastle  Thorn,  42. 

New  England,  3,  24,  25,  34,  40,  45,  49,  55, 
74,  99,  104,  105.  (Often  indicating  line  or 
limit  of  distribution.) 

Newfoundland,  21,  40,  42,  63,  71,  96,  97,  99, 
103,  112,  118,  126,  127,  131,  134.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

New  Hampshire,  75. 

New  Jersey,  1,  92. 

New  Mexico,  9,  15,  16.  18,  19,  21,  23,  27,  28, 
31-33,  37-42,  61.  64,  66,  74,  75,  77,  82,  85, 
87,  92,  96,  98-100,  102,  103,  105,  106,  109- 
111,  115-117,  119-121,  133,  137.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

New  York,  2-4,  14,  15,  23,  29,  39,  51,  55,  58, 
71,  74,  84,  88-91,  96,  97,  100,  106,  123,  124. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Niagara  River,  9. 

Nipigon,  Lake,  114,  118. 

No  Name  Key,  48. 

North  America,  17,  41,  43,  57,  71,  75,  77, 103, 
114. 

North  Atlantic  States,  90. 

North  Carolina,  1-3,  6,  17,  20,  27,  28,  35,  37, 
40,  53,  57,  68,  72,  79,  83,  90-92,  97,  104, 
100,  122,  123,  127,  129,  131,  135.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Northeastern  States,  40. 

Northern  States,  20,  24,  42,  49,  51,  55,  63,  95, 
97,  104,  106,  114,  118,  126,  129,  131, 134. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Northport,  L.  I.,  104. 

North,  the,  88,  106. 

Northwest,  the,  89. 

Norway  Pine,  118. 

Nova  Scotia,  55,  01,  82,  88,  94,  95,  97,  104, 
129.  (Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Nueces  River,  9,  33,  51,  65,  79,  82,  90,  112. 
(Often  indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Nutmeg,  California,  114. 
Nutmeg,  Hickory,  79. 
■  Nut,  Illinois,  77. 
Nut  Pine,  116, 117. 
Nuts,  77,  78,  94. 
Nut,  Tallow,  11. 
Nyctaginacece,  67. 


Nyssa  aquatica,  50. 

Nyssa  capitata,  50;  tables  (153)  147,  (354) 
156,  (352)  161,  (240)  165,  (198)  167,  (175) 
170,  (176)  174. 

Nyssa  sylvatica,  50;  tables  (154)  147,  (227) 

155,  (224)  160,  (184)  164,  (118)  167,  (131) 

170,  (133)  174. 

Nyssa  uniflora,  50;  tables  (155)  147,  (303) 

156,  (305)  161,  (282)  165,  (217)  168,  (249) 

171,  (168)  174. 


Oaks,  American,  83. 

Oak,  Bartram's,  92. 

Oak,  Basket,  84. 

Oak,  Black,  87-89. 

Oak,  Blue,  85. 

Oak,  Bur,  82. 

Oak,  Chestnut,  84,  93. 

Oak,  Chinquapin,  84. 

Oak,  Coast  Live,  87. 

Oak,  Cow,  84. 

Oak,  Duck,  91. 

Oak,  Iron,  82. 

Oak,  Jack,  89. 

Oak,  Laurel,  91,  92. 

Oak,  Live,  86-88. 

Oak,  Maul,  87. 

Oak,  Mossy-cup,  82. 

Oak,  Mountain  White,  85. 

Oak  openings,  83. 

Oak,  Over-cup,  82,  83. 

Oak,  Peach,  93. 

Oak,  Pin,  91. 

Oak,  Possum,  91. 

Oak,  Post,  82. 

Oak,  Punk,  91. 

Oak,  Quercitron,  89. 

Oak,  Red,  88,  90. 

Oak,  Rock  Chestnut,  84. 

Oak,  Scarlet,  88. 

Oak,  Scrub,  82,  90. 

Oak,  Shingle,  92. 

Oak,  Spanish,  90. 

Oak,  Swamp  Post,  83. 

Oak,  Swamp  Spanish,  91. 

Oak,  Swamp  White,  83. 

Oak,  Tan-bark,  93. 

Oak,  Turkey,  90. 

Oak,  Upland  Willow,  92. 

Oak,  Valparaiso,  87. 

Oak,  Water,  91. 

Oak,  Water  White,  83. 

Oak,  Weeping,  81. 

Oak,  White,  80,  81,  83-85. 

Oak,  Willow,  93. 

Oak,  Yellow,  84,  89. 

Oak,  Yellow-bark,  89. 

Oars,  61. 

Obispo  Pine,  124. 

Ogeechee  Lime,  50. 


192 


INDEX. 


Ogeechee  River,  50. 

Ohio,  39,  58,  71,  89,  100.    (Often  indicating 

line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 
Ohio  Basin,  59,  61. 
Ohio  Buckeye,  17. 

Ohio  River,"  15,  22,  29,  74,  75,  81,  89,  104. 

Ointment,  4G. 

Olaeineai,  11. 

Old-field  Birch,  95. 

Old-field  Pine,  122. 

Old  Man's  Beard,  64. 

Old  World,  46. 

OleacecB,  60-64. 

Olive,  California,  69. 

Olnetja  Tesota,  27;  tables  (80)  145,  (12)  153, 
(13)  158,  (149)  164,  (160)  167,  (248)  171, 
(2)  173. 

Ontario,  Canada,  3,  4,  22,  24,  29,  36,  39,  42, 
45.  49,  61,  69,  71,  72,  74-76,  79,  80,  82-84, 
88,  89,  94,  97,  104.  (Often  indicating  line 
or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Ontario,  Lake,  20,  75,  77,  78,  84,  95,  122. 

Orange,  Mock,  37. 

Orange,  Osage,  74. 

Orange,  Wild,  8,  37. 

Oregon,  16,  20,  21,  36-38,  40-42,  49,  51,  54, 
63,  69,  73,  80,  81,  87,  89,  93,  98,  100-102, 
105-108,  110-112,  115,  116,  119,  120,  122, 
127,  128,  130-134.  (Often  indicating  line 
or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Oregon  Ash,  63. 

Oregon  Cedar,  108. 

Oregon  Coast,  69,  107. 

Oregon  Crab  Apple,  40. 

Oregon  Pine,  130. 

Oreodoxaregia,  136;  tables  (408)  152,  (245) 

155,  (252)  160. 
Orford,  Port,  Cedar,  108. 
Organ  Mountains,  18. 
Osage,  Fort,  102. 
Osage  Orange,  74. 

Osmanthus  Americanus,  64;  tables  (201)  148, 
(81)  154,  (79)  158,  (28)  163,  (42)  166,  (62) 
169,  (80) 174. 

Ostrya  Virginica,  95 ;  tables  (292)  149,(73)  153, 
(71)  158,  (15)  163,  (25)  166,  (67)  169,(91)  174. 

Ottawa  River,  95. 

Outside  finish,  129.    (See  Inside finish.) 
Over-cup  Oak,  82,  83. 

Oxydendrum  arboreum,  54;  tables  (169)  147, 
(126)  154,  (125)  159,  (143)  164,  (172)  167, 
(96)  170,  (123)  174. 

Ox-yokes,  50,  69,  75,  79,  97. 


Pacific  Coast  States,  101. 
Pacific  forests,  40,  69,  87,  119. 
Pacific  oaks,  81. 

Pacific  Region,  37,  40,  96,  99,  100,  103, 119. 
Packing-cases,  105,  132,  133. 
Paddles,  113. 


Palmce,  135,  136. 

Palma  Garberi,  136. 

Palmetto,  Cabbage,  135. 

Palmetto,  Silk-top,  136. 

Palmetto,  Silver-top,  136. 

Palm,  Fan-leaf,  135. 

Palm,  Royal,  136. 

Paolo  Verde,  30. 

Papaw,  4. 

Paper  Birch,  96. 

Paper  pulp,  6,  17,  23,  105,  137. 

Paradise  Tree,  10. 

Parasitic  tree,  73. 

Parkinsonia  aculeata,  30;  tables  (90)  146, 

(241)  155,  (247)  160. 
Parkinsonia  microphylla,  30;  tables  (89)  146, 

(130)  154,  (152)  159. 
Parkinsonia  Torreyana,  30;  tables  (88)  146, 

(208)  155,  (209)  160,  (271)  165,  (267)  168, 

(191)  171,  (95)  174. 
Parras,  Mexico,  57. 
Parsley  Haw,  43. 
Pavements,  46. 
Paving-blocks,  75. 
Peace  River,  101,  127. 
Peach  Oak,  93. 
Peach,  Wild,  37. 
Pear  Haw,  42. 

Pearl  River,  2,  3,  13,  107,  125,  126. 

Pease  Creek,  4,  28,  71,  79,  90,  92,  123. 

Pecan,  77. 

Pecan  Butter,  79. 

Pecos  River,  26,  60. 

Pegs,  22,  96. 

Pencils,  111. 

Pend  d' Oreille  Region,  115. 

Pennsylvania,  3,  4,  7,  9,  17,  23,  26,  29,  31, 
35,  39,  51,  54,  64,  78,  82,  92,  94,  96,  103, 
106,  114,  118,  124,  126,  131,  134.  (Often 
indicating  line  or  limit  of  distribution.) 

Penobscot  River,  82. 

Pensacola  Bay,  123. 

Pepperidge,  50. 

Pepper-wood,  8. 

Persea  Carolinensis,  68;  tables  (215)  148, 

(216)  155,  (215)  160,  (170)  164,  (93)  167, 

(50)  169,  (127)  174. 
Persea  Carolinensis,  var.  palustris,  68;  tables 

(2151)  148,  (221)  155,  (217)  160,  (163)  164, 

(121)  167,  (245)  171,  (139)  174. 
Persimmon,  58. 
Persimmon,  Black,  59. 
Persimmon,  Mexican,  59. 
Peru,  37. 

Pescadero  Bav,  123. 

Picea  alba,  127;  tables  (383)  151,  (399)  156, 
(400)  161,  (96)  164,  (163)  167,  (269)  171, 
(294) 175. 

Picea  Engehnanni,  127;  tables  (384)  151, 
(422)  157,  (423)  162,  (191)  164,  (256)  168, 
(306)  172,  (289)  175. 


INDEX. 


193 


Picea  nigra,  126,  127;  tables  (382)  151, 

156,  (355)  161,  (62)  163,  (162)  167, 

171,  (286)  175. 

Picea  pungens,  128;  tables  (385)  151, 

157,  (413)  162,  (272)  165,  (290)  168, 

172,  (281)  175. 
Picea  rubra,  127. 

Picea  Sitchensis,  128;  tables  (386)  151, 
156,  (378)  161,  (105)  164,  (223)  168, 

171,  (295)  176. 
Picea  species,  128. 
Pigeon  Cherry,  35. 
Pigeon  Plum,  67. 
Pigeon-wood,  67. 
Pig-nut,  79. 

Pike's  Peak,  34,  110,  117,  133. 

Piles,  118, 127,  136.    (See  Wharf-piles. 

Pill-boxes,  97. 

Pinckneya  pubens,h2;  tables  (161)  147, 
155,  (292)  160,  (237)  165,  (300)  168, 

172,  (241)  175. 
Pine,  Bastard,  126. 
Pine,  Bishop's,  124. 
Pine,  Black,  120. 

Pine,  Bull,  119-121,  124. 
Pine,  Cedar,  125. 
Pine,  Digger,  121. 
Pine,  Eastern  white,  115. 
Pine,  Foxtail,  118. 
Pine,  Georgia,  125. 
Pine,  Ginger,  108. 
Pine,  Gray,  125. 
Pine,  Hard,  125. 
Pine,  Hickory,  118,  124. 
Pine,  Jersey,  123. 
Pine,  Knob-cone,  122. 
Pine,  Loblolly,  122. 
Pine,  Lodge-pole,  120. 
Pine,  Long-leaved,  125. 
Pine,  Meadow,  126. 
Pine,  Monterey,  121. 
Pine,  Norway,  118. 
Pine,  Nut,  116,  117. 
Pine,  Obispo,  124. 
Pine,  Old-tield,  122. 
Pine,  Oregon,  130. 
Pine,  Pitch,  122. 
Pine,  Pond,  123. 
Pine,  Prince's,  125. 
Pine,  Red,  1 18. 
Pine,  Iiosemary,  122. 
Pine,  Sand,  123. 
Pine,  Scrub,  120,  123. 
Pine,  Short-leaved,  124. 
Pine,  Slash,  126. 
Pine,  Southern,  125. 
Pine,  Spruce,  120.  123-125. 
Pine,  Sugar,  115. 
Pine,  Swamp,  126. 
Pine,  Table-mountain,  124. 
Pine,  Weymouth,  114. 


(357)  |  Pine,  White,  114-110,  125. 
(204)  ]  Pine,  Yellow,  119,  124,  125. 

Pin  Oak,  91. 
(412)  Pinon,  110,  117. 
(310)   Pinos  Altos  Mountains,  41. 

Pinus  albicaulis,  116,  135;  tables  (351)  151, 
(389)  156,  (387)  161,  (306)  165,  (252)  108, 
(379)      (279)171,(236)  175. 

(261)   Ptnus  Arizonica,  119;  tables  (360)  151,  (315) 
156,  (313)  161,  (180)  164,  (220)  168,  (235) 
171,  (242)  175. 
Pinus  Balfouriana,  118;  tables  (357)  151, 
(289)  155,  (288)  160,  (262)  165,  (298)  168, 

(273)  171,  (185)  174. 
Pinus  Balfouriana,  var.  aristata,  118;  tables 

(3571)  151,  (281)  155,  (279)  160,  (229)  165, 
(219)  168,  (282)  171,  (197)  175. 
Pinus  Banksiana,  125;  tables  (379)  151,  (339) 
(291)      150,  (340)  161,  (124)  164,  (221)  168,  (213) 
(304)       171,  (250)  175. 

Pinus  cembruides,  117;  tables  (354)  151,  (211) 

155,  (212)  100. 
Pinus  Chihuahuana,  120;  tables  (363)  151, 

(286)  155,  (285)  160,  (224)  105.  (117)  167, 

(274)  171,  (177)  174. 
Pinus  elausa,  123;  tables  (374)  151,  (279)  155, 

(278)  160,  (275)  1G5,  (277)  168,  (241)  171, 
(202)  175. 

Pinus  contorta,  120,  125;  tables  (364)  151, 
(262)  155,  (260)  160,  (4)  163,  (63)  166,  (57) 
169,  (182)  174. 
Pinus  Coulteri,  121;  tables  (367)  151,  (393) 

156,  (391)  161,  (46)  163,  (155)  167,  (246) 
171,  (259)  175. 

Pinus  Cubensis,  126;  tables  (381)  151,  (117) 
154,  (116)  159,  (5)  163,  (18  i  166,  (23)  169, 
(145)  174. 

Pinus  edulis,  117,  tables  (355)  151,  (223)  155, 
(219)  160,  (299)  165,  (291)  168,  (265)  171, 
(112)  174. 

Pinus flexihs,  115;  tables  (350)151,  (376)  156, 
(375)  161,  (242)  167,  (233)  168,  (265)  171, 
(232)  175. 

Ptnus  glabra,  125;  tables  (378)  151,  (104)  156, 
(405)  102,  (296)  165,  (278)  168,  (296)  172, 

(240)  175. 

Pinus  inops,  123;  tables  (373)  151,  (297)  156, 
(295)  160,  (276)  265,  (214)  168,  (253)  171, 
(175)  174. 

Pinus  insignis,  121;  tables  (368)  151,  (358) 
156,  (357)  161,  (106)  164,  (167)  167,  (194) 
171,  (308)  172,  (243)  175. 
Pinus  Jeffreyi,  120;  tables  (362)  151,  (302) 
156,  (303)  161,  (130)  164,  (164)  167,  (193) 
171,  (223)  175. 
Pinus  Lambertiana,  115;  tables  (349)  151, 
(414)  157,  (414)  162,  (194)  164,  (247)  168, 
(276)  171,  (283)  175. 
Pinus  mitis,  124;  tables  (377)  151,  (243)  155, 

(241)  160,  (13)  163,  (48)  166,  (127)  170, 
(204)  175. 

13 


194 


INDEX. 


Pinus  monophylla,  117;  tables  (356)  151,  (271) 

155,  (275)  100,  (297)  105,  (307)  108,  (303) 

172,  (103)  174. 
Pinus  monticola,  115;  tables  (318)  151,  (406) 

157,  (400)  102,  (118)  104,  (239)  108,  (277) 

171,  (302)  176. 
Pinus  muricata,  124;  tables  (370)  151,  (322) 

150,  (322)  101,  (37)  163,  (51)  166,  (90)  170, 
(214)  175. 

Pinus  Murrayana,  120,  125;  tables  (365)  151, 
(395)  156,  (394)  161,  (204)  105,  (200)  168, 
(278)  171,  (208)  175. 

Pinus  palustris,  122,  125,  120;  tables  (380) 

151,  (108)  154,  (107)  159,  (7)  163,  (20)  100, 
(29)  109,  (178)  174. 

Pinus  Parry  ana,  116;  tables  (353)  151,  (272) 

155,  (272)  160,  (307)  165,  (295)  168,  (272) 
171,  (136)  174. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  119;  tables  (361)  151,  (345; 

156.  (342)  161,  (146)  164,  (179)  167,  (236) 
171,  (237)  175. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scopulorum,  119. 
Pinus  punrjens,  124;  tables  (375)  151,  (323) 

156,  (323)  161,  (192)  164,  (174)  167,  (259) 

171,  (224)  175. 
Pinus  reflexa,  116;  tables  (352)  151,  (330) 

156,  (328)  161,  (134)  164,  (151)  165,  (112) 

170,  (205)  175. 
Pinus  resinosa.  118;  tables  (358)  151,  (332) 

156,  (331)  161,  (50)  163,  (136)  167,  (147) 

170,  (270)  175. 

Pinus  rirjida,  122;  tables  (371)  151,  (308)156, 
(308)  161,  (268)  165,  (168)  167,  (258)  171, 
(199)  175. 

Pinus  Sabiniana,  121;  tables  (366)  151,  (334) 
156,  (334)  161,  (264)  165,  (145)  167,  (275) 

171,  (194)  175. 

Pinus  serotina,  123;  tables  (372)151,  (91)  154, 
(87)  159,  (40)  163,  (19)  166,  (92)  170,  (45) 
173. 

Pinus  Strobus,  114,  115;  tables  (347)  151, 

(408)  157,  (409)  162,  (161)  164,  (232)  168, 

(271)  171,  (293)  175. 
Pinus  Tceda,  122;  tables  (370)  151,  (288)  155, 

(286)  160,  (51)  163,  (100)  167,  (179)  170, 

(238)  175. 

Pinus  Torreyana,  118;  tables  (359)  151,  (329) 

156,  (329)  161,  (277)  165,  (156)  167,  (294) 
171,  (186)  175. 

Pinus  tuberculata,  122;  tables  (369)  151,  (420) 

157,  (421)  162,  (298)  165,  (299)  168,  (269) 
175. 

Piscidia,  Erythrina,  28;  tables  (81)  145,  (53) 
153,  (61)  158,  (162)  164,  (158)  167,  (37)  169, 
(29)  173. 

Pisonia  obtusata,  67;  tables  (212)  148,  (209) 
155,  (244)  160,  (291)  165,  (306)  168,  (288) 
171,  (231)  175. 

Pistacia  Mexicana,  26;  table  (74)  .145. 

Pitch,  120. 

Pitch  Pine,  122. 


Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati,  34;  tables  (101) 

146,  (45)  153,  (40)  158. 
Placer  County,  Cab,  112. 
Planera  aquatica,  72;  tables  (227)  148,  (299) 

150,  (300)  101,  (273)  165,  (236)  168,  (216) 

171,  (187)  175. 
Plane-stocks,  59,  95. 
Platanacem,  75,  76. 

Plata nus  occidentalis,  75;  tables  (235)  148, 

(271)  155,  (271)  160,  (152)  164,  (231)  108, 

(151)  170,  (160)  174. 
Platanus  racemosa,  75;  tables  (236)  148,  (328) 

156,  (332)  161,  (255)  165,  (262)  108,  (283) 

171,  (257)  175. 
Platanus  Wrightii,  75;  tables  (237)  148,  (343) 

156,  (347)  161,  (294)  165,  (294)  168,  (281) 

171,  (221)  175. 
Plates,  46. 
Platte  River,  82. 
Ploughs,  93. 
Plum,  Canada,  34. 
Plum.  Chickasaw,  35. 
Plum,  Cocoa,  34. 
Plum,  Darling,  14. 
Plum,  Downward,  58. 
Plum,  Gopher,  50. 
Plum,  Guiana,  70. 
Plum,  Hog,  11.  25,  35. 
Plum,  Horse,  34. 
Plum,  Mountain,  11. 
Plum,  Pigeon,  67. 
Plum,  Saffron,  58. 
Plum,  Wild,  34. 
Pod,  Honev,  31. 
Pods,  32. 
Poison  Elder,  25. 
Poison,  for  fish,  28,  29. 
Poison  Sumach,  25. 
Poison-wood,  25,  70. 
Polyf/onacecB,  67,  68. 
Pond  Apple,  4. 
Pond  Pine,  123. 
Pond's  Extract,  45. 
Poplar,  104. 
Poplar,  Carolina,  105. 
Poplar,  Necklace,  105. 
Poplar,  Yellow,  3. 

Pojndus  angustifolia,  105;  tables  (322)  150, 

(405)  157,  (407)  162,  (293)  165, (301)  108, 

(305)  172,  (288)  175. 
Populus  balsamifera,  104;  tables  (321)  150, 

(416)  157,  (415)  162,  (159)  164,  (266)  168, 

(285)  171,  (290)  175. 
Populus  balsamifera,  var.  candicans,  104; 

tables  (3211)  150,   (390)  156,  (389)  161, 

(220)   165,  (240)   168,  (301)   172,  (304) 

176. 

Populus  Fremontii,  106;  tables  (325)  150, 
(326)  156,  (327)  161,  (78)  163,  (190)  167, 
(239)  171,  (206)  175. 

Populus  Fremontii,  var.  Wislizeni,  106;  tables 


INDEX. 


195 


(3251)  iso,  (351)  156,  (356)  161,  (168)  164, 

(194)  167,  (243)  171,  (251)  175. 
Populus  grandidentata,  104;  tables  (319)  150, 

(350)  156,  (351)  161,  (114)  164,  (178)  167, 

(255)  171,  (309)  170. 
Populus  heterophylla,  104;  tables  (320)  150, 

(396)  156,  (397)  161,  (226)  165,  (225)  168, 

(298)  172,  (267)  175. 
Populus  monilifera,  105;  tables  (324)  150, 

(407)  157,  (408)  162,  (103)  164,  (150)  167, 

(260)  171,  (272)  175. 
Populus  tremuloides,  103;  tables  (318)  150, 

(400)  156,  (402)  161,  (185)  164,  (205)  168, 

(280)  171,  (280)  175. 
Populus  trichocarpa,  104,  105;  tables  (323) 

156,  (410)  157,  (412)  162,  (57)  163,  (211) 

168,  (222)  171,  (308)  176. 
Pork-wood,  67. 

Porliera  angustifolia,  8;  tables  (21)  144,  (7) 

153,  (6)  158. 

Port  Orford  Cedar,  108. 
Porto  Rico,  7. 
Possum  Oak,  91. 
Post  Cedar,  106. 
Post  Oak,  82. 
Post  Oak,  Swamp,  83. 

Posts,  19,  26,  29,  32,  65,  94,  95,  107,  108,  111, 

112,  127,  135. 
Potash,  22. 
Poteau  River,  95. 
Potomac  River,  101. 
Poultices,  6. 
Prickly  Ash,  8. 
Prince's  Pine,  125. 
Privet,  63. 

Prosojris  juliflora,  31;  tables  (93)  146,  (108) 

154,  (115)  159,  (266)  165,  (281)  168,  (42) 

169,  (27)  173. 

Prosopis  pubescens,  32;  tables  (94)  146,  (112) 
154,  (113)  159,  (178)  164,  (96)  167,  (19)  169, 
(31)  173. 

Prunus  Americana,  34 ;  tables  (103)  146,  (152) 
154,  (150)  159,  (177)  164,  (107)  167,  (43)  169, 
(111)  174. 

Prunus  angustifolia,  35;  tables  (104)  146, 

(183)  154,  (179)  159,  (259)  165,  (285)  168, 

(208)  171,  (198)  175. 
Prunus  Capuli,  37;  tables  (109)  146,  (95)  154, 

(90)  159,  (70)  169,  (61)  173. 
Prunus  Caroliniana,  37;  tables  (111)  146, 

(55)  153,  (51)  158,  (126)  164,  (80)  166,  (53) 

169,  (35)  173. 

Prunus  demissa,  37;  tables  (110)  146,  (171) 
154,  (170)  159,  (206)  165,  (193)  167,  (89) 

170,  (81)  174. 
Prunus  emarginata,  36. 

Prunus  emarginata,  var.  mollis,  36;  tables 
(107)  146,  (367)  156,  (366)  161,  (155)  164, 
(203)  168,  (140)  170,  (279)  175. 

Prunus  ilicifolia,  38 ;  tables  (113)  146,  (21)  153, 
(17)158,(218)165,  (141)167,(66)169,(42)173. 


Prunus  Pennsylvania,  35;  tables  (105)  146, 
(317)  156,  (317)  161,  (202)  171,  (245)  175. 

Prunus  serotina,  36;  tables  (108)  146,  (260) 
155,  (259)  159,  (157)  164,  (119)  167,  (61)  169, 
(119)  174. 

Prunus  sphmrocarpa,  37;  tables  (112)  146, 

(48)  153,  (42)  158. 
Prunus  umbellata,  35;  tables  (106)  146,  (78) 

153,  (72)  158,  (101)  170,  (28)  173. 
Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  119, 130;  tables  (391) 

151,  (307)  156,'  (306)  161,  (20)  163,  (101) 

167,  (86)  170,  (252)  175. 
Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  var.  macrocarpa,  131 ; 

tables  (3911)        (359)  156,  (358)  161,  (79) 

163,  (115)  167,  (139)  170,  (247)  175. 
Ptelia  trifoliata,  9;  tables  (26)  144,  (70)  153, 

(65)  158. 
Puget  Sound,  16,  63,  81,  101,  105. 
Pulmonary  consumption, 36. 107.  (SeeThroat.) 
Pump-logs,  123.    (See  Water-pipes.) 
Pumps,  2,  3. 
Punk  Oak,  91. 

Purgatives,  25,  27.    (See  Diuretics.) 
Purgatory  River,  27. 
Purple  Haw,  15. 

Pyrus  Americana,  40;  tables  (120)  146,  (287) 

155,  (289)  160,  (237)  171,  (220)  175. 
Pyrus  angustifolia,  39;  tables  (118)  146,  (181) 

154,  (177)  159. 
Pyrus  aucuparia,  40. 

Pyrus  coronaria,  39;  tables  (117)  146,  (166) 
154,  (166)  159,  (251)  165,  (282)  168,  (189) 
171,  (78)  174. 

Pyrus  rivulans,  40;  tables  (119)  146,  (71)  153, 
(67)  158. 

Pyrus  stmbucifolia,  40;  tables  (121)  146, 
(252)  155,  (251)  160,  (254)  165,  (292)  168, 
(231)  171,  (235)  175. 

Quercus  agrifolta,  87 ;  tables  (270)  149, 

(74)  153,  (74)  158,  (116)  164,  (79)  166,  (138) 

170,  (87)  174. 
Quercus  alba,  80,  83,  83;  tables  (251)  149, 

(124)  154,  (123)  159,  (111)  164,  (89)  167, 

(87)  170,  (109)  174. 
Quercus  aquatica,  91 ;  tables  (280)  149,  (151) 

154,  (148)  159,  (29)  163,  (41)  166,  (98)  170, 

(130)  174. 

Quercus  bicolor,  83;  tables  (258)  149,  (107) 
154,  (105)  159,  (138)  164,  (85)  166,  (109) 
170,  (103)  174. 

Quercus  Catesbcei,  90;  tables  (278)  149,  (141) 

154,  (143)  159,  (85)  163,  (43)  166.  (144)  170, 
(94)  174. 

Quercus  chrysolepis,  87;  tables  (268)  149,  (61) 
153,  (59)  158,  (33)  163,  (4)  166,  (65)  169, 
(36)  173. 

Quercus  chrysolepis,  var.  vaccinifolia,  87. 
Quercus  cinerea,  92;  tables  (283)  149,  (218) 

155,  (220)  160,  (210)  165,  (62)  166,  (157) 
170,  (125)  174. 


196 


INDEX. 


Quercus  coccinea,  88;  tables  (273)  149,  (136) 
154,  (131)  159,  (70)  103,  (40)  166,  (93)  170, 
(121)  174. 

Quercus  densiflora,  93;  tables  (287)  149,  (187) 
154,  (188)  159,  (113)  164,  (74)  166,  (128)  170, 
(100)  174. 

Quercus  Douglasii,  85 ;  tables  (262)  149,  (51) 
153,  (45)  158,  (203)  165,  (60)  166,  (55)  169, 
(20)  173. 

Quercus  Durandii,  86;  tables  (266)  149,  (24) 
153,  (26)  158,  (172)  164,  (61)  166,  (76)  169, 
(41)  173. 

Quercus  Emoryi,  87 ;  tables  (269)  149,  (37) 

153,  (37)  158,  (253)  165,  (188)  167,  (185) 
170,  (12)  173. 

Quercus  falcata,  90;  tables  (277)  149,  (176) 

154,  (171)  159,  (11)  163,  (13)  166,  (38)  169, 
(124)  174. 

Quercus  Garry  ana,  81;  tables  (253)149,  (129) 
154,  (126)  159,  (190)  164,  (103)  167,  (91) 
170,  (85)  174. 

Quercus  grisea,  85;  tables  (264)  149,  (16) 

153,  (15)  158,  (215)  165,  (78)  166,  (124)  170, 
(23)  173. 

Quercus  heterophylla,  92;  tables  (282)  149, 
(186)  154,  (183)  159,  (30)  163,  (36)  166, 
(199)  171,  (150)  174. 

Quercus  hypoleuca,  92;  tables  (284)  149,  (88) 

154,  (88)  159,  (121)  164,  (31)  166,  (293)  171, 
(63)  173. 

Quercus  imbricaria,  92;  tables  (285)  149,  (115) 

154,  (114)  159,  (33)  163,  (8)  166,  (59)  169, 
(96)  174. 

Quercus  Kelloggii,  89;  tables  (275)  149,  (215) 

155,  (213)  160,  (212)  165,  (152)  167,  (156) 
170,  (158)  174. 

Quercus  laurifolia,  91:  tables  (281)  149,  (106) 
154,  (107)  159,  (25)  163,  (15)  166,  (82)  170, 
(75)  173. 

Quercus  lobata,  81;  tables  (252)  149,  (133) 

154,  (132)  159,  (228)  165,  (108)  167,  (182) 

170,  (143)  174. 
Quercus  lyrata,  83;  tables  (57)  149,  (72)  153, 

(69)  158,  (17)  163,  (54)  166,  (106)  170,  (77) 

174. 

Quercus  macrocarpa,  82,  89  ;  tables  (256)  149, 

(128)  154,  (129)  159,  (128)  164,  (68)  166, 

(107)  170,  (88)  174. 
Quercus  Michauxii,  84;  tables  (259)  149,  (85) 

154,  (84)  159,  (112)  164,  (30)  166,  (121)  170, 

(89)  174. 
Quercus  Muhlenbergii,  85. 
Quercus  nigra,  89;  tables  (276)  149,  (139)  154, 

(141)  159,  (109)  164,  (46)  166,  (104)  170, 

(50)  173. 

Quercus  oblongifolia,  85;  tables  (263)  149, 

(28) 153,  (35) 158,  (158)  164,  (180)  167, (174) 

170,  (11)  173. 
Quercus  obtusiloba,  82,  90;  tables  (254)  149, 

(66)  153,  (64)  158,  (175)  164,  (104)  167,  (114) 

170,  (56)  173. 


Quercus  obtusiloba,  var.  parvifolia,  82. 
Quercus  palustris,  91;  tables  (279)  149,  (174) 

154,  (174)  159,  (55)  163,  (33)  166,  (108)170, 

(141)  174. 

Quercus  Phellos,  93;  tables  (286)  149,  (123) 

154,  (124)  159,  (196)  164,  (67)  166,  (221) 
171,  (108)  174. 

Quercus  prinoides,  84,  85;  tables  (261)  149, 

(57)  153,  (56)  158,  (53)  163,  (6)  166,  (49) 

169,  (66)  173. 
Quercus  Prinus,  84,  85;  tables  (260)  149, 

(120)  154,  (122)  159,  (27)  163,  (50)  166,  (72) 

169,  (92)  174. 
Quercus  Prinus,  var.  Chincapin,  85. 
Quercus  Prinus,  var.  humilis,  85. 
Quercus  reticulata,  86;  tables  (265)  149,  (26) 

153,  (22)  158. 

Quercus  rubra,  88,  89;  tables  (272)  149,  (207) 

155,  (202)  160,  (52)  163,  (66)  166,  (88)  170, 
(155)  174. 

•  Quercus  rubra,  var.  Texana,  88;  tables  (272) 
149,  (44)  153,  (38)  158,  (88)  163,  (55)  166, 
(47)  173,  (46)  169. 
Quercus  San-Sabeana,  86. 
Quercus  tinctoria ,  89;  tables  (274)  149,  (167) 

154,  (162)  159,  (86)  163,  (47)  166,  (97)  170, 
(122)  174. 

Quercus  undulata,  var.  Gambelii,  82;  tables 

(255)  149,  (63)  153,  (62)  158,  (269)  165, 

(202)  168,  (192)  171,  (74)  173. 
Quercus  rirens,  86;  tables  (267)  149,  (25)  153, 

(24)  158,  (43)  163,  (57)  166,  (63)  169,  (33) 

173. 

Quercus  Wislizeni,  88;  tables  (271)  149,  (96) 
154,  (95)  159,  (156)  164,  (123)  167,  (78)  170, 
(62)  173. 

Quercus  Wislizeni,  var.  frutescens,  88. 
Quincy,  Mass.,  12. 
Quinte"  Bay,  84. 


Rafters,  49. 

Rails,  29,  65,  66,  69,  71,  94. 

Railway-ties,  66,  71,  72,  75,  81,  84,  85,  94, 

107,  108,  111-113,  119,  121,  125-127,  129, 

131,  134,  135. 
Rainy  Lake,  97. 
Rainy  River,  34. 
Rattle-box,  60. 
Red  Ash,  61. 
Red  Bay,  68. 
Red  Birch,  97. 
Red-bud,  31. 
Red  Cedar,  107,  111. 
Red  Cherry,  Wild,  35. 
Red  Cvpress,  112. 
Red  Elm,  71. 
Red  Fir,  130,  133,  134. 
Red  Gum,  45. 
Red  Haw,  42,  44. 
Red  Iron-wood,  14. 


INDEX. 


197 


Red  Mangrove,  67. 
Red  Maple,  22. 
Red  Mulberry,  74. 
Red  Oak,  88,  90. 
Red  Pine,  118. 

Red  River,  55,  74,  86,  98,  111,  125. 

Red  River  Valley,  79,  83. 

Red  Stopper,  48. 

Redwood,  112. 

Reef  Keys,  14. 

Restigouche  River,  94. 

Reynosia  lati folia,  14;  tables  (42)  145,  (11) 
153,  (12)  158,  (81)  163,  (120)  167,  (3)  169, 
(4)  173. 

Rhamnaceas,  14-16. 

Rhumnus  Calif ornica,  16;  tables  (46)  145, 

(248)  155,  (218)  160. 
Rhamnus  Californica,  var.  tomentella,  16. 
Rhamnus  Caroliniana,  15;  tables  (45)  145, 

(284)  155,  (214)  165,  (258)  168,  (162)  170, 

(195)  175. 

Rhamnus  Purshiana,  16;  tables  (47)  145,  (273) 
155,  (273)  160,  (135)  164,  (159)  167,  (31) 
169,  (138)  174. 

Rheumatism,  8,  96,  100. 

Rhizophora,  67. 

Rhizophoracece,  46. 

Rhizophora  Mangle,  46;  tables  (140)  147, 
(3)  153,  (2)  158,'  (2)  163,  (11)  166,  (2)  169, 
(9)  173. 

Rhode  Island,  62. 

Rhododendron  maximum,  55;  tables  (171)  147, 

(233)  155,  (228)  160,  (248)  165,  (213)  168, 

(165)  170,  (140)  174. 
Rhus  copalhna,  24;  tables  (71 )  145,  (300)  156, 

(302)  161,  (216)  165,  (212)  168,  (229)  175, 

(240)  171,  (229)  175. 
Rhus  copallina,vsir.  lanceolata,2b;  tables  (711) 

145,  (304)  156,  (307)  161,  (123)  170,  (208) 

175. 

Rhus  copallina,  var.  leucantha,  25. 

Rhus  cotinoides,  24;  tables  (69)  145,  (217) 

155,  (214)  160. 
Rhus  Metopium,  25;  tables  (73)  145,  (92)  154, 

(98)  159,  (80)  163,  (216)  168,  (77)  170,  (116) 

174. 

Rhus  Toxicodendron,  25. 
Rhus  typhina,  24;  tables  (70)  145.  (377)  156, 
(376)  161. 

Rhus  venenata,  25;  tables  (72)  145,  (375)  156, 

(374)  161. 
Rio  Concho,  58,  71. 

Rio  Grande,  8,  9,  26,  32,  33,  57,  58,  60,  64-66, 
70,  86,  98,  136.  (Range  and  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Rio  Pecos,  8. 

River  Birch,  97. 

River  Cottonwood,  104. 

Robinia  Neo-Mexicana,  27;  tables  (79)  145, 
(86)  154,  (85)  159,  (43)  163,  (84)  166,  (17) 
169,  (64)  173. 


Robinia  Pseudacacia,  26;  tables  (77)  145, 
(138)  154,  (137)  159,  (19)  163,  (3)  166,  (13) 
169,  (70)  173. 

Robinia  viscosa,  27;  tables  (78)  145,  (83)  154, 
(78)  158. 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak,  84. 

Rocky  Mountains,  21,  23,  26,  31,  35,  37-39. 
41,  43,  62,  71,  73,  82,  96,  99,  100,  102-105, 
107,  111,  115,  116,  119,  120,  125-127,  129- 
132,  134.  (Range  and  limit  of  distribution.) 

Rocky  Mountain  region,  101,  102,  113. 

Rock  Elm,  71. 

Rogue  River,  108,  115,  133. 

Romano,  Cape,  5,  47,  56,  58,  67-69,  72,  73,  86, 
91,  112,  136.  (Range  and  limit  of  distribu- 
tion.) 

Roots,  large,  32. 

Ropes,  136,  137. 

Rosacea,  34-44. 

Rose  Bay,  55. 

Rosemary  Pine,  122. 

Rosin,  126. 

Royal  Palm,  136. 

Rubiacea),  52,  53. 

Rum  Cherry,  36. 

Rumford,  Count,  141. 

Rutaceai,  8-10. 


Sabal  Palmetto,  135;  tables  (404)  152,  (373) 

156,  (395)  161. 
Sabine  River,  4,  44,  62,  93. 
Sable,  Cape,  9,  19,  46,  47,  56,  67,  68. 
Sacramento  River,  16,  18,  23,  75,  77,  81,  100, 

103,  106,  108,  109.    (Range  and  limit  of 

distribution.) 
Sacramento  Valley,  101. 
Saddle-trees,  19,  22,  71. 
Saffron  Plum,  58. 
Saguaro,  48. 
Saguenay  River,  21,  97. 
Saint  Augustine,  Fla.,*67,  123. 
Saint  Domingo,  7. 
Saint  John  Lake,  21. 
Saint  John  River,  22. 

Saint  John's  River,  11,  12,  18,  48,  80,  81,  123. 

Saint  Lawrence,  Gulf,  63,  97.  114. 

Saint  Lawrence  River,  20,  21,  24,  34,  42,  49, 

71,  72,  76-80,  83,  95,  106,  118, 129.  (Range 

and  limit  of  distribution.) 
Saint  Louis,  Mo.,  41. 
Saint  Mary's  River,  50. 
Salem  County,  N.  J.,  92. 
Salix  amygdaloides,  100;  tables  (307)  150, 

(365)  156,  (368)  161,  (283)  165,  (265)  168, 

(307)  172,  (277)  175. 
Salix  cordata,  102. 

Salix  cordata,  var.  vestita,  102;  tables  (315) 

150,  (244)  155,  (243)  160. 
Salix  discolor,  101;  tables  (312)  150,  (382) 

156,  (380)  161. 


198 


INDEX. 


Salix  Jlavescens,  102;  tables  (313)  150,  (321) 

156,  (321)  161,  (72)  163,  (130)  167,  (201) 

171,  (251)  175. 
Salix flavtscens,\'ax.  Scouleriana,  102;  tables 

(3131)  150,  (290)  155,  (290)  160,  (22)  163, 

(86)  166,  (132)  170,  (210)  175. 
Salix  Hartwegi,  103. 

Salix  Hooheriana,  102;  tables  (314)  150, 
(292)  155,  (291)  160,  (178)  170,  (228)  175. 

Salix  Icevigata,  100;  tables  (308)  150,  (331) 
156,  (330)  161,  (287)  165,  (221)  168,  (286) 

171,  (219)  175. 

Salix  laevigata,  var.  angustij'olia,  100. 

Salix  Icevigata,  var.  congesta,  100. 

Salix  lasiandra,  100;  tables  (309)  150,  (341) 

156,  (341)  161. 
Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Fendleriana,  100,  101; 

tables  (3092)  150,  (356)  156,  (354)  161,  (309) 

165,  (284)  168,  (297)  172,  (274)  175. 
Salix  lasiandra,  var.  lancifolia,  101 ;  tables 

(3091)  150,  (361)  156, (372)  161,  (147)  164, 

(206)  168,  (270)  171,  (203)  175. 
Salix  lasiolepis,  103;  tables  (316)  150,  (278) 

155,  (281)  160,  (145)  164,(125)  167,  (190)  175. 
Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  angustij'olia,  103. 
Salix  lasiolepis,  var.  latifolia,  103;  table  (228) 

171. 

Salix  longifolia,  100,  101;  tables  (310)  150, 

(324)  156,  (325)  161. 
Salix  longifolia,   var.   argyrophylla,  101; 

table  (3102)  150. 
Salix  longifolia,  var.  exigua,  101;  tables 

(3101)  150,  (293)  155,  (298)  161. 
Salix  nigra,  99 ;  tables  (306)  150,  (371)  156, 

(371)  161,  (305)  165,  (297)  168,  (314)  172, 

(258)  175. 
Salix  nigra,  var.  angustij'olia,  100. 
Salix  nigra,  var.  latifolia,  100. 
Salix  nigra,  var.  longifolia,  100. 
Salix  nigra,  var.  marginata,  100. 
Salix  nigra,  var.  Warclii,  100. 
Salix  nigra,  var  Wrightii,  100. 
Salix  sessilifolia,  101 ;  tables  (311)  150,  (374) 

156. 

Salix  sessilifolia,  var.  Hindsiana,  101;  tables 

(3111)  150,  (373)  161. 
Salix  Sitchensis,  103;  tables  (317)  150,  (311) 

156,  (311)  161. 

Salix  Sitchensis,  var.  angustifolia,  103. 
Salmon  Eiver  Mountains,  107. 
Saltillo,  Mex.,  57,  109. 

Sambucus  glauca,  51  ;  tables  (156)  147,  (310) 
156,  (316)  161,  (308)  165,  (304)  168,  (302) 

172,  (192)  175. 

Sambucus  Mexicana,  51;  tables  (157)  147, 

(353)  156,  (361)  161. 
Sand-bar  Willow,  101. 
Sand  Jack,  92. 
Sand  Pine,  123. 

San  Antonio  River,  6,  24,  28,  36,  42,  71,  76. 
San  Bernardino  County,  Cal.,  106. 


San  Bernardino  Mount,  110. 

San  Bernardino  Range,  6,  20,  23,  31,  38,  39, 

44,  49,  63,  73,  81,  87,  89,  93,  98,  106,  110, 

115,  116,  120,  122,  131,  132,  136.  (Range 

and  limit  of  distribution.) 
San  Diego  Countv,  Cal.,  20,  33,  44,  85,  116, 

118. 

San  Francisco  Bay,  18,  36,  38,  54,  63, 77,  81,  88. 

San  Francisco  Mountains,  37,  82,  86,  87,  109, 
110,  117,  127.  (Range  and  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

San  Gabriel  Range,  6,  85. 

San  Jacinto,  Mount,  120. 

San  Jacinto  Mountains,  6,  38,  39,  93,  120- 
122,  132.  (Range  and  limit  of  distribution.) 

San  Joaquin  River,  130. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  Cal.,  18. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County,  Cal.,  124. 

San  Luis  Rey  River,  16. 

San  Pedro  River,  48,  60,  75. 

San  Saba,  Texas,  32. 

San  Simeon  Bay.  121. 

Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  16,  98,  103. 

Santa  Catalina  Mountains.  26,  27,  38,  57,  82, 
87,  109,  116,  117, 119.  (Range  and  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Santa  Cruz  Bay,  16. 

Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  16,  122. 

Santa  Cruz  River,  32. 

Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  6,  36,  54,  88,  103, 

115,  133.  (Range  and  limit  of  distribution.) 
Santa  Rita  Mountains,  27,  54,  86,  92,  109, 

116,  119,  120.  (Range,  and  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Santian  River,  108. 
Sapindacece,  17-23. 

Sapindus  mnrgiwitus,  18;  tables  (54)  145, 
(80)  153,  (82)  159,  (173)  164,  (116)  167, 
(129)  170,  (60)  173. 

Sapindus  Saponaria,  19;  tables  (55)  145,  (65) 

153,  (83)  159. 
Saponin,  19. 
Sapotacece,  56-58. 
Sarsaparilla,  8. 
Sasbes,  115. 

Saskatchewan  River,  20,  23,  42,  45,  62,  99, 
100, 102.  (Range  and  limit  of  distribution.) 
Sassafras,  69. 

Sassafras  officinale,   69;  tables  (217)  148, 
(314)  156,  (312)  161,  (281)  165,  (212)  168, 
'    (232)  171,  (196)  175. 
Satin-wood,  9. 

Savannah  River,  13,  18,  41,  123. 
Savin,  111,  114. 
Savine  cerete,  111. 
Scarlet  Haw,  42. 
Scarlet  Oak,  88. 

Schceferia  frutescens,  14;  tables  (41)  145,  (99) 

154,  (111)  159. 

Scott  Mountains,  116,  118,  120. 
Screw  Bean,  32. 


INDEX. 


199 


Screw-pod  Mesquit,  32. 
Scrub  Oak,  82,  90. 
Scrub  Pine,  120,  123,  125. 
Sea  Ash,  8. 
Sea  Grape,  68. 
Seaside  Alder,  98. 

Sebastiania  lucida,  70;  tables  (220)  148,  (8) 

153,  (9)  158. 
Sedatives,  36. 

Seeds:  manufacturing  uses,  19;  edible,  117. 

118,  121. 
Selkirk  Range,  129,  134. 
Sequoia  forests,  16. 

Sequoia  giqantea,  112;  tables  (341)  151,  (£27) 

157,  (428)  162,  (295)  165,  (288)  168,  (224) 

171,  (300)  176. 
Sequoia  sempei-virens,  112;  tables  (342)  151, 

(387)  156,  (386)  161,  (241)  165,  (246)  168, 

(196)  171,  (287)  175. 
Service  Tree,  45. 
Seven-year  Apple,  52. 
Shad-bush,  45. 
Shag-bark,  77. 

Sharpies,  S.  P.,  viii,  141-143. 
Shasta  County,  Cal  ,  108,  121. 
Shasta,  Mount,  21,  88,  116,  122,  134. 
She  Balsam,  131. 
Sheep-berry,  51. 
Shell-bark,"  Big,  78. 
Shell-bark,  Bottom,  78. 
Shell-bark,  Hickory,  77. 
Shingle  Oak,  92. 

Shingles,  3,  91,  93,  106,  107,  112,  113. 
Ship-building,  11,  19,  22,  34,  57,  68,  69,  71, 

74,  81,  87,  97,  108,  126,  127,  134.  (See 

Boat-building,  Skiffs.) 
Shittim-wood,  16,  57. 

Shoes:  soles,  6;  lasts,  22,  59,  95,  96;  pegs, 

22;  wooden,  97. 
Short-leaved  Pine,  124. 
Shoshone  Mountains,  105. 
Shovel-handles,  21. 
Shrubby  Trefoil,  9. 
Shucks]!  Honey,  29. 
Shuttles,  59. 

Sideroxylon  Mastichodendron,  56;  tables 
(176)  147,  (15)  153,  (20)  158,  (63)  163,  (70) 
166,  (26)  169,  (23)  173. 

Sierra  Blanco,  127. 

Sierra  County,  Cal.,  100, 

Sierra  Madre,  109. 

Sierra  Nevada,  6, 16,  18,  20,  21,  36-38,  44,  49, 
50,  63,  69,  81,  85,  87-89,  99,  102,  103,  110, 
112-116,  120,  122,  130,  132,  134.  (Range 
and  limit  of  distribution.) 

Silk-top  Palmetto,  136. 

Silky  Willow,  103. 

Silliman,  Mount,  116. 

Sills,  71,  72,  111. 

Silver-bell  Tree,  60. 

Silver  Maple,  22. 


Silver-top  Palmetto,  136. 

Simarubeai,  10. 

Simaruba  qlauca,  10 ;  tables  (28)  144,  (392) 
156,  (393)  161,  (127)  164,  (259)  168,  (180) 
170,  (264)  175. 

Simaruba  officinalis,  10. 

Siskiyou  Mountains,  128,  132. 

Sitka,  127. 

Sitka  Cypress,  108. 

Skiffs,  69.  (See  Boat-building,  Ship-building.) 

Skin-diseases,  96. 

Slash  Pine,  126. 

Slippery  Elm,  6,  71. 

Sloe,  35. 

Sloe,  Black,  35. 

Small-fruited  Haw,  43. 

Smooth  Alder,  101. 

Snaths,  74. 

Snowdrop  Tree,  60. 

Snow-shoes,  20. 

Soap,  19,  56,  137. 

Soapberry,  18,  19. 

Soda  Lake,  108. 

Soft  Maple,  22. 

Soledad  River,  118. 

Sonora,  Cal.,  27,  37,  38,  48,  92. 

Sophora  affinis,  28;  tables  (84)  145,  (60)  153, 

(58)  158,  (107)  164,  (127)  167,  (51)  169, 

(30)  173. 

Sophora  secundifiora,  28;  tables  (83)  145, 

(19)  153,  (19)  158. 
Sophoria,  28. 

Sore  throat,  59.    (See  Throat.) 
Sorrel  Tree,  54. 
Sour  Gum,  50. 
Sour  Tupelo,  50. 
Sour-wood,  54. 

South  Atlantic  States,  39,  90,  112. 

South  Carolina,  30,  35,  41,  44,  52,  53,  60,  79, 
123,  125,  129.  (Range  and  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Southern  Buckthorn,  58. 

Southern  Crab  Apple,  39. 

Southern  Pine,  125. 

Southern  States,  42,  80,  90. 

South,  the,  78,  94. 

Southwest,  the,  82. 

Spanish  Bayonet,  136,  137. 

Spanish  Buckeye,  18. 

Spanish  Oak,  90. 

Spanish  Oak,  Swamp,  91. 

Spanish  Stopper,  47. 

Spear-handles,  113. 

Specific  gravity,  tables,  153-157. 

Speckled  Alder,  99. 

Spicket  River,  97. 

Spice  Tree,  69. 

Spindle  Tree,  14. 

Spirits  of  Turpentine,  126.  (See  Turpentine.) 
Sponge-crawls,  136. 
Spools,  96. 


200 


INDEX. 


Spoonwood,  55. 
Spruce,  Black,  126. 
Spruce,  Blue,  128. 
Spruce  Pine,  120,  123-125. 
Spruce,  Tide-land,  128. 
Spruce,  White,  127,  128. 
Stag-bush,  52. 
Staghorn  Sumach,  24. 
Starving  Rock,  114. 
Staten  Island,  93,  123,  124. 
Staves,  105. 
Steam,  32. 
Sterculiaceee,  6. 
Stinking  Cedar,  114. 
Stopper,  48. 
Stopper,  Gurgeon,  47. 
Stopper,  Red,  48. 
Stopper,  Spanish,  47. 
Stopper,  White,  48. 
Storax,  46. 

Strength,  tables,  166-168. 
Striped  Dogwood,  20. 
Striped  Maple,  20. 
Strong  Back,  65. 
Styracacece,  59,  60, 
Sugar-barrels,  105. 
Sugar-berry,  72. 
Sugar,  Horse,  59. 
Sugar  Maple,  21. 
Sugar  Pine,  115. 
Sugar  Tree,  21. 
Sumach,  Coral,  25. 
Sumach,  Dwarf,  24. 
Sumach,  Poison,  25. 
Sumach,  Staghorn,  24. 
Summer  Haw,  44. 

Superior,  Lake,  40,  49,  71,  97,  99,  125. 

Suwarrow,  48. 

Swamp  Cottonwood,  104. 

Swamp  Hickory,  79. 

Swamp  Laurel,  1. 

Swamp  Maple,  22. 

Swamp  Pine,  126. 

Swamp  Post  Oak,  83. 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak,  101. 

Swamp  White  Oak,  83. 

Sweet  Bay,  1. 

Sweet  Birch,  97. 

Sweet  Buckeye,  17. 

Sweet  Gum,  45. 

Sweet-leaf,  59. 

Sweet  Locust,  29. 

Sweet-scented  Crab,  39. 

Swietenia  Mahogoni,  11 ;  tables  (31)  144, 
(146)  154,  (149)  159,  (76)  163,  (59)  166,  (22) 
169,  (39)  173. 

Switch-bud  Hickory,  79. 

Sycamore,  75. 

Symplocos  tinctoria,  59;  tables  (186)  147, 
(295)  155,  (297)  161,  (256)  165,  (237)  168, 
(229)  171,  (173)  174. 


Syphilis,  7,  8. 
Syrups,  36,  46. 


Table-mountain  Pine,  124. 
Tacamahac,  104. 
Tallow  Berry,  7. 
Tallow  Nut,"ll. 
Tamarack,  120,  134. 
Tamarind,  Wild,  34. 

Tampa  B;iy,  1,  8,  12,  29-31,  35,  36,  44-46,  50, 
64,  68,  78,  81,  90,  91,  95,  122,  125.  (Range 
and  limit  of  distribution.) 

Tan-bark  Oak,  93. 

Tan  Bav,  5. 

Tannin,"  24.  25,  45,  84,  89,  90,  93, 128-131. 
Tanning,  54,  82,  84,  89,  90,  93,  128-131. 
Tar,  126. 

Tassel-moulds,  97. 

Taxodium  distichum.  112;  tables  (340)  150, 

(362)  156,  (360)  161,  (90)  163,  (201)  168, 

(184)  170,  (278)  175. 
Taxus  brevifolia,  113;  tables  (343)  151,  (222) 

155,  (216)  160,  (208)  165,  (35)  166,  (117) 

170,  (67)  173. 
Taxus  Floridana,  113;  tables  (344)  151,  (229) 

155,  (222)  160. 
Tejon,  Fort,  16. 

Telegraph-poles,  107,  111,  113,  134. 

Temiscaming,  Lake,  129. 

Tennessee,  2,  3,  7,  17,  20,  24,  25,  28-30,  35, 

42,  43,  54,  66,  84,  89-94,  97,  104,  112,  124, 

129,  131. 
Tennessee  River,  24. 
Tents,  96. 

Teredo,  attacks  of,  19,  135. 
TernstrcemiacecB,  5. 

Texas,  1,  4.  6,  8,  9,  12,  13,  15,  17-19,  22-26, 
28,  30-37,  41-46,  49-54,  57-66,  68-95,  97, 
99-101,  105,  106, 110-112, 116, 117, 119, 122, 
124,  126,  130,  136,  137.  (Range  and  limit 
of  distribution.) 

Thatch,  Brickley,  136. 

Thatch,  Brittle,  "136. 

Thatch,  house,  136. 

The  Joshua,  137. 

Thorn,  Black,  42. 

Thorn,  Cockspur,  42. 

Thorn,  Washington,  43. 

Thorn,  White,  42. 

Thousand  Islands,  19. 

Three-thorned  Acacia,  29. 

Thrinax  argentea,  136;  tables  (407)  152, 
(156)  154,  (168)  159. 

Thrinax  parvijlora,  136;  tables  (406)  152, 
(249)  155,  (263)  160. 

Throat  ailments,  16.    (See  Sore  throat.) 

Thuya,  107. 

Thuya  gigantea,  107;  tables  (328)  150,  (411) 
157,  (411)  162,  (87)  103,  (161)  167,  (152) 
170,  (297)  176. 


INDEX. 


201 


Thuya  occidentalis,  106;  tables  (327)  150, 
(425)  157,  (425)  102,  (278)  165,  (275)  168, 
(289)  171,  (311)  176. 

Tide-land  Spruce,  128. 

TiliacecB,  6,  7. 

Tilia  Americana,  6,  7;  tables  (17)  144,  (364) 
156,  (364)  161,  (169)  164,  (249)  168,  (307) 
176. 

Tilia  Americana,  var.  pubescens,  6;  tables 
(17i)  144,  (398)  156,  (399)  161,  (189)  164, 
(263)  168,  (205)  171,  (266)  171,  (312) 
170. 

Tilia  heterophylla,  7;  tables  (18)  144,  (383) 
156,  (382)  161,  (166)  164,  (255)  168,  (214) 
171,  (299)  176. 

Tinctures,  28,  107. 

Titi,  13. 

Tobacco-boxes,  75. 
Tollon,  44. 

Tonics,  2,  10,  27,  36,  49,  64,  104. 
Tool-handles,  19,  39,  54,  55,  59,  95. 
Toothache  Tree,  8. 
Torch-wood,  11. 
Tornilla,  32. 

Torreya  Calif  ornica,  114;  tables  (346)  151, 

(340)  156,  (343)  161,  (303)  165,  (251)  168, 

(262)  171,  (213)  175. 
Torreya  taxifolia,  114;  tables  (345)  151,  (309) 

156,  (309)  161,  (176)  164,  (98)  167,  (142) 

170,  (174)  174. 
Toxicodendric  acid,  25. 
Toyon,  44. 
Travis  County,  54. 
Tree,  Bean,  65. 
Tree,  Beaver,  1. 
Tree,  Bee,  6. 
Tree,  Black,  67. 
Tree,  Big,  112. 
Tree,  Buckwheat,  13. 
Tree,  Cabbage,  135. 
Tree,  Cigar,  65. 
Tree,  Cucumber,  2,  3. 
Tree,  Fringe,  64. 
Tree,  Geiger,  64. 
Tree,  Hop,  9. 
Tree,  India-rubber,  73. 
Tree,  Joshua,  137. 
Tree,  Judas,  31. 
Tree,  Lime,  6. 
Tree,  Paradise,  10. 
Tree,  Service,  45. 
Tree,  Silver-bell,  60. 
Tree,  Snowdrop,  60. 
Tree,  Sorrel,  54. 
Tree,  Spice,  69. 
Tree,  Spindle,  14. 
Tree,  Sugar,  21. 
Tree,  Toothache,  8. 
Tree,  Tulip,  3. 
Tree,  Umbrella,  2,  3. 
Treenails,  26. 


Trefoil,  Shrubbv,  9. 

Trinity  River,  1,  18,  22,  31,  43,  45,  68,  71,  72, 

79,  83,  84,  94,  95,  97,  99,  126.   (Course  and 

limit  of  distribution.) 
Tsuga   Canadensis,   129;  tables  (387)  151, 

(384)  156,  (384)  161,  (142)  164,  (171)  167, 

(230)  171,  (276)  175. 
Tsuga  Caroliniana,  129;  tables  (388)  151, 

(380)  156,  (379)  161,  (230)  165,  (287)  168, 

(207)  171,  (211)  175. 
Tsuga  Mertensiana,  129;  tables  (389)  151, 

(305)  156,  (304)  161,  (14)  163,  (87)  166,  (64) 

169,  (249)  175. 
Tsuga  Pattoniana,  130,  135;  tables  (390)151, 

(372)  156,  (370)  161,  (201)  164,  (181)  167, 

(238)  171,  (244)  175. 
Tulare  County,  Cal.,  88,  112,  114. 
Tulip  Tree,  3. 
Tupelo,  50. 
Tupelo-gum,  50. 
Tupelo,  Large,  50. 
Tupelo,  Sour,  50. 
Turkey  Oak,  90. 

Turnery,  6,  7,  12,  22,  23,  26,  39,  49,  51,  53-55, 

59,  96,  103,  104. 
Turpentine,  105,  126.    (See  Spirits.) 
Turtle-crawl,  136. 
Typhoid  fever,  100. 


Uintah  Mountains,  130. 

Ulmus  alata,  72;   tables    (226)  148,  (121) 

154,  (127)  159,  (280)  165,  (155)  170,  (73) 
173. 

Ulmus  Americana,  71;  tables  (224)  148,  (212) 

155,  (211)  160,  (211)  165,  (114)  167,  (158) 
170,  (162)  174. 

Ulmus  crassifolia,  70;  tables  (222)  148,  (150) 

154,  (153)  159,  (232)  165,  (148)  167,  (148) 

170,  (72)  173. 
Ulmus  fulva,  71;  tables  (223)  148,  (170)  154, 

(172)  159,  (117)  164,  (106)  167,  (69)  169, 

(179)  174. 

Ulmus  racemosa,  71;  tables  (225)  148,  (149) 

154,  (145)  159,  (64)  163,  (37)  166,  (41)  169, 
(118)  174. 

Umbellularia  Calif  ornica,  69;  tables  (218) 
148,  (210)  155,  (206)  160,  (75)  163,  (132) 
167,  (52)  169,  (128)  174. 

Umbrella  Keys,  4,  48. 

Umbrella  Tree,  2,  3,  17. 

Umpqua  River,  132. 

Underpinning,  of  houses,  32. 

Ungava  Bay,  126,  127. 

Ungnadia  speciosa,  18;  tables  (53)  145,  (230) 

155,  (231)  160,  (215)  171,  (180)  174. 
United  States,  4-8,  10,  17,  19,  23,  25-27,  32, 

34,  37,  46-48,  51,  67,  71,  108,  117,  125-127, 

134,  135.    (Special  references.) 
Upland  Willow  Oak,  92. 
Urticacece,  70-75. 


202 


INDEX. 


Utah,  21,  23,  27,  31,  32,  38,  41,  51,  60,  62, 
82,  96,  100,  106,  110,  111,  116-118,  121, 
128,  132,  133,  137.  (Course  and  limit  of 
distribution.) 

Uterine  complaints,  107. 


Vaccixium  Arboreum,  53 ;  tables  (164)  147, 

(111)  154,  (110)  159,  (212)  171,  (53)  173. 
Valparaiso  Oak,  87. 

Vancouver's  Island,  36,  37,  49,  51,  81,  111, 
115,  132. 

Vauquelinia  Torreyi,3$;  tables  (114)  146,  (5) 

153,  (4)  158. 
Veneering,  46. 
Verbenacece,  66,  67. 
Verde  Paolo,  30. 

Vermont,  3,  22,  23,  34,  50,  69,  71,  89,  94,  105, 

125, 127.  (Course  and  limit  of  distribution.) 
Viburnum   Lentago,   51;  tables  (158)  147, 

(1.40)  154,  (139)  159,  (56)  169. 
Viburnum  prunifolium,  52 ;  tables  (159)  147, 

(69)  153,  (66)  158,  (137)  164,  (73)  166,  (40) 

169,  (38)  173. 
Vicksburg,  Miss.,  1. 
Vine  Maple,  21. 

Virginia,  3,  5,  6,  8, 12,  25,  40,  43,  44,  50,  58, 
62-64,  68,  72,  86,  131.  (Course  and  limit 
of  distribution.) 


Wabash  Eiver,  3,  4,  23,  39,  62,  66,  94 . 
Wabash  Valley,  4. 
Wafer  Ash,  9. 

Wagon-hubs,  29.   (See  Hubs,  Wheels.) 
Wagons,  61,  63,  87. 
Wahoo,  7,  14,  72. 

Wahsatch  Mountains,  21,  23,  38,  51,  62,  82, 
110,  117,  127,  130,  133.  (Course  and  limit 
of  distribution.) 

Walnut,  77. 

Walnut,  Black,  46,  76. 

Walnut,  White,  76. 

Ware  River,  82. 

Washingtonia  filifera,  135;  tables  (405)  152, 
(306)  156,  (310)  161,  (270)  165,  (293)  168, 
(313)  172,  (303)  176. 

Washington  Territory,  16,  20,  21,  36,  38,  41, 
42,  49,  54,  63,  81,  96,  98,  102,  104,  105, 
107,  108,  110,  113,  115,  116,  119-121,  127, 
128,  130-135.  (Course  and  limit  of  dis- 
tribution.) 

Washington  Thorn,  43. 

Washita  River,  18,  43,  62. 

Water  Ash,  62. 

Water  Beech,  75,  95. 

Water  Elm,  71. 

Water-flumes,  106. 

Water  Hickory,  79. 

Water  Locust,  30. 

Water  Maple,  22. 


Water  Oak,  91. 

Water  White  Oak,  83. 

Water-pipes,  123.    (See  Pumps.) 

Water-tanks,  113. 

Wax  Myrtle,  80. 

Wedges,  41. 

Weeping  Oak,  81. 

Western  Catalpa,  66. 

West  Indian  Birch,  10. 

West  Indies,  4,  5,  7,  9-11,  14,  15,  17-19,  25, 
28,  32,  34,  37,  46-48,  52,  53,  55-58,  62,  60- 
68,  70,  73,  126,  136.  (Trees.) 

Western  States,  74. 

West,  the,  62. 

West  Virginia,  25,  26,  36,  60,  122. 

Weymouth  Pine,  114. 

Wharf-piles,  19,  46,  50,  135.    (See  Piles.) 

Wheel-hubs,  97.    (See  Wagons.) 

Wheels,  32,  49,  50,  93. 

Wheel-stock,  71,  72,  75,  84,  85. 

Whistle-wood,  20. 

White  Ash,  61. 

White  Bass-wood,  7. 

White  Bay,  1. 

White  Birch,  95,  96. 

White  Buttonwood,  47. 

White  Cedar,  106-108. 

White  Cypress,  112. 

White  Elm,  71. 

White  Fir,  132. 

White-heart  Hickory,  78. 

White  Iron-wood,  19. 

White  Laurel,  1. 

White  Mangrove,  47. 

White  Maple,  22. 

White  Mountain  region,  Arizona,  10. 

White  Oak,  80,  81,  83-86. 

White  Oak,  Mountain,  85. 

White  Oak,  Swamp,  83. 

WThite  Oak,  Water,  83. 

Wrhite  Pine,  114-116,  125. 

White  River,  4. 

White  Spruce,  127,  128. 

White  Stopper,  48. 

White  Thorn,  42. 

White  Walnut,  76. 

White-wood,  3,  5,  70. 

Whitnev,  Mount,  118. 

Willow,*  100, 102,  103. 

Willow,  Black,  99. 

Willow,  Desert,  66. 

Willow,  Diamond,  102. 

Willow,  Glaucous,  101. 

Willow  Oak,  93. 

Willow  Oak,  Upland,  92. 

Willow,  Sand-bar,  101. 

Willow,  Silkv,  103. 

Wild  Black  Cherry,  36. 

Wild  Cherry,  37. 

Wild  China,  18. 

Wild  Cinnamon,  5. 


INDEX. 


203 


Wild  Dillv,  58. 

Wild  Fig,  73. 

Wild  Lime,  9,  11. 

Wild  Orange,  8,  37. 

Wild  Peach,  37. 

Wild  Plum,  34. 

Wild  Red  Cherry,  35. 

Wild  Tamarind,  34. 

Wind  River,  128. 

Wine-butts,  113. 

Winged  Elm,  72. 

Winnipeg,  Lake,  23,  63,  82,  106. 

Winnipeg  River,  114,  118. 

Winooski  River,  23. 

Wisconsin,  40,  45,  89,  91,  92,  94,  99,  118, 129. 

(Course  and  limit  of  distribution.) 
Witch-hazel,  45. 

Wood:  properties,  141-143;  (tables)  qualities, 
144-152;  specific  gravity,  153-157;  fuel 
value,  158-162;  elasticity,  163-168;  longi- 
tudinal compression,  169-172;  resistance  of 
indentation,  173-176. 

Wood-engraving,  49,  59.    (See  Engraving.) 

Wooden  shoes,  97.    (See  Shoes.) 

Wooden  ware,  3,  6,  17,  23,  51,  97,  104,  105, 
107,  114,  115,  128. 

Woods,  Lake  of  the,  22. 

Wood,  Naked,  17,  47. 

Wood-pulp,  96,  103,  104.    (See  Paper-pulp.) 
Wyoming,  38,  39,  121,  128,  130,  132.  (Course 
and  limit  of  distribution.) 


Xanthoxylum  Americana,  8;  tables  (22) 

144,  (275)  155,  (274)  160. 
Xanthoxylum  Caribceum,  9;  tables  (24)  144, 

(47)  153,  (47)  158,  (151)  164,  (157)  167,  (16) 

169,  (21)  173. 
Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  8;  tables  (23) 


144,  (312)  156,  (314)  101,  (223)  165,  (226) 
168,  (153)  170,  (172)  174. 
Xanthoxylum   Clava-Herculis,  var.  frutico- 
sum,  9;  tables  (231)  144,  (250)  155,  (250) 
100. 

Xanthoxylum  Pterota,  9;   tables   (25)  144, 

(131)  154,  (133)  159. 
Ximenia  Americana,  11;  tables  (32)  144,  (40) 

153,  (36)  158. 


Yaupon,  12. 
Yazoo  River,  23,  80. 
Yellow  Ash,  28. 
Yellow-bark  Oak,  89. 
Yellow  Birch,  97. 
Yellow  Cypress,  108. 
Yellow  Fir,  130,  131. 
Yellow  Haw,  44. 
Yellow  Locust,  26. 
Yellow  Oak,  84,  89. 
Yellow  Pine,  119,  125. 
Yellow  Poplar,  3. 
Yellow- wood,  14,  28. 
Yew,  113. 
Yopon,  12. 
Yosemite  Valley,  21. 

Yucca  baccate]  137;  tables  (412)  152,  (428) 

157,  (430)  162. 
Yucca  brevi/olia,  137;  tables  (410)  152,  (413) 

157. 

Yucca  canaliculate,  136;  tables  (409)  152, 

(197)  155,  (232)  160. 
Yucca  elata,  137;  tables  (411)  152,  (370)  156, 

(398)  161. 
Yukon  River,  96,  103,  104,  127. 


Zygophyllaceai,  7,  8. 


University  Press,  Cambridge:  John  Wilson  and  Son. 


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